Byron's Passovers and Nathan's melodies.

Byron's Passovers and Nathan's melodies. THIS IS THE STORY OF THE MUSICIAN, ISAAC NATHAN, and hisconnections with two Passovers, one in the year 701 before the commonera, the other in 1816 of this era. Isaac Nathan (1) was born in Canterbury in 1792, the son of MenahemMona, a cantor who claimed to be the illegitimate son of the last PolishKing, Stanislaus Paniatowski, by his Jewish mistress. In 1805 he went toSolomon Lyon's secular boarding school in Cambridge, the first inAnglo-Jewry, which was based upon Moses Mendelssohn's enlightenmentmovement in Berlin. Nathan then attended the University but his religiondebarred him from taking a degree. A musical prodigy who regularly wokehis family by playing the violin The violin player usually holds the instrument under the chin, supported by the left shoulder (see below for variations of this posture). The strings are sounded either by drawing the bow across them (arco), or sometimes by plucking them (pizzicato). and harpsichord harpsichord,stringed musical instrument played from a keyboard. Its strings, two or more to a note, are plucked by quills or jacks. The harpsichord originated in the 14th cent. and by the 16th cent. Venice was the center of its manufacture. at 4 A.M., he went toLondon to study under Domenico Corri (1746-1825) who, like Haydn, hadbeen trained by Nicolo Porpora. By 1810 Nathan was Corn's chiefassistant. In 1812, when 20, he wooed and married against the wishes ofher titled family, Rosetta Worthington, aged 17. They had two weddings,one in church, and one in synagogue after her conversion. It was only in the reign of George the Third (1760-1820) that Jewsbecame socially acceptable in Britain. Isaac had a rapid rise to fame,becoming music master to Princess Charlotte Princess Charlotte may refer to: Princess Charlotte, Princess Royal (1766-1828), eldest daughter of King George III; Queen consort of King Frederick I of W��rttemberg , and musical librarian tothe Prince Regent prince regentn. pl. prince regents or princes regentA prince who rules during the minority, absence, or incapacity of a sovereign. , later King George King George has referred to many kings throughout history. When used, by Americans, without further reference it most often means George III of the United Kingdom, against whom the Whigs of the American Revolution rebelled. IV. Nathan tried to rediscover andrestore the music of the Temple, and claimed to have adopted some of theancient Hebrew melodies in his own compositions. However, he neededfamous poets to write lyrics to his music or for him to set to music assongs. Nathan approached Walter Scott who declined the invitation.Similar collaborations had recently been pub.. lished of Indian, Irish,Scottish, and Welsh melodies. He approached a friend and colleague, John Braham, a former cantor,who had been baptized and had become the leading tenor in London. Brahamagreed to sing any songs of a Byron/Nathan collaboration at a majortheater in London. In June 1814 Nathan sent Byron a musical setting of apoem from his "Bride of Abydos," but Byron did not reply. (2)Byron's friend Douglas Kinneard intervened, and Byron wrote warmly"My dear Nathan" and invited him to dinner. Byron becameenthusiastic about the project, and wrote out a 16-line poem"Saul," in less than an hour with no erasures. He then wroteto his fiancee, Annabella Milbanke, on October 20th on how he was going"to write words for a musical composer who is going to publish thereal old undisputed Hebrew melodies which are beautiful & to whichDavid & the prophets actually sang the 'songs of Zion'--Ihave done nine or ten--on the sacred model--partly from Job&c--& partly my own imagination...--it is odd enough that thisshould fall to my lot--who have been abused as 'aninfidel'--Augusta says 'they will call me a Jewnext."' (3) Byron's biographer Leslie Alexis Marchandcommented: "The sad bewailing complaints of the Old Testament,which he had read through and through before his eighth year, struck aresponsive chord in Byron's being. And the Hebraic strain, bound upwith his Calvinistic fatalism fa��tal��ism?n.1. The doctrine that all events are predetermined by fate and are therefore unalterable.2. Acceptance of the belief that all events are predetermined and inevitable. , was congenial to his present mood."(4) Byron had the usual ups and downs ups and downs?pl.n.Alternating periods of good and bad fortune or spirits.ups and downsNoun, plalternating periods of good and bad luck or high and low spirits in composing these poems. TheByron wedding was on January 2nd 1815 and Annabella spent part of theirhoneymoon-what Byron called their treaclemoon--copying out the poems,"pleased no doubt that he should turn his hand to biblicalsubjects." Later in January Byron wrote to Hobhouse: "TheMelodies--damn the melodies--I have other tunes-or rather tones-to thinkof...." (5) In February and March he wrote to Thomas Moore, theIrish poet, "Curse the Melodies and the Tribes to boot. Braham isto assist--or hath assisted--but will do no more good than a secondphysician. I merely interfered to oblige a whim of K's, and all Ihave got by it was a "speech" and a receipt for stewed stewed?adj.1. Cooked by stewing: stewed prunes.2. Informal Intoxicated; drunk.stewedAdjective1. oysters." (6) And in a more irritated vein, he added, "Sunburn sunburn,inflammation of the skin caused by actinic rays from the sun or artificial sources. Moderate exposure to ultraviolet radiation is followed by a red blush, but severe exposure may result in blisters, pain, and constitutional symptoms. N[athan]!--why do you always twit me with his vile Ebrewnasalities?" Hebrew Melodies Ancient and Modern was published by Nathan in April1815 in a large folio at one guinea, (7) in a print run of 10,000 andwith the frontispiece framed in architectural gothic by Edward Blore. (Ayear later in 1815 John Murray produced an edition of Byron'spoems.) (8) To publicize Nathan's edition John Braham helped withthe music, co-authored the book, and was given half the profits. (9) Inall there were probably 50 songs in the various editions. (10) Slatercalculated that only seven of Nathan's melodies have beenidentified as synagogal music (four originally non-Jewish) and only twomight have been ancient. (11) He commented, "Pious persons whobought the Hebrew Melodies in the expectation of finding sacred poetryby Lord Byron found instead a book almost as secular as the Bride ofAbydos. Nine of the poems are Biblical in subject but Byronic intreatment; two are love songs; five are reflective lyrics, neitherJewish nor Christian; and five are expressions of what might be calledproto- Zionism." (13) The early songs are Nathan's settings of Byron's poems;the others are poems by Byron to fit melodies given to him by Nathan.Nathan comments that, "At the time his Lordship was writing for methe poetry to these melodies, he felt anxious to facilitate my views inpreserving as much as possible the original airs, for which purpose hewould frequently consult me regarding the style and metre of hisstanzas. I accordingly desired to be favoured with so many lines, somepathetic, some playful, others martial, &c." (12) I shall discuss one song from each group. Nathan opened the book with Byron's favorite "She Walksin Beauty," said to have been inspired by the sight of Byron'scousin's wife Mrs. Wilmot in a spangled black mourning dress at aparty at Lady Sitwell's on 11 June 1814--that's before Byronhad met Nathan. The poem begins thus: She walks in beauty--ike the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that's best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellow'd to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. She walks in beauty--like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies. (13) This poem is not only an ode to feminine beauty. It is also, asBurwick and Douglass emphasized, an "invocation to the muse of...twilight," (15) a theme Byron used in seven songs. The poem is iniambic tetrameter, and if Nathan had wanted to choose a Jewish synagogalmelody of identical length and rhythm he had a wide choice, includingone of the oldest and best known, the closing hymn of Sabbath andFestival services, Adon olam asher malakh/B'terem kol ye-tzirnivra. Instead he chose a melody for Lekka Dodi, a mid-sixteenth centurypoem by Solomon ha-Levi Alkabez, whose eight initial Hebrew lettersbegin the first eight of its nine stanzas. (16) Exactly as inByron's poem, the opening couplet coupletTwo successive lines of verse. A couplet is marked usually by rhythmic correspondence, rhyme, or the inclusion of a self-contained utterance. Couplets may be independent poems, but they usually function as parts of other verse forms, such as the Shakespearean sonnet, is repeated at the end of eachstanza, and has been translated as "Come, my beloved with chorus ofpraise;/ Welcome Sabbath the Bride, Queen of our days." (17) In the sixteenth century Safed Kabbalists were at the center ofJewish mysticism. (18) On Friday afternoons Rabbi Isaac Luria and hisdisciples used to go out in white garments to the fields. On a highplace they surveyed the beauty of the countryside and then welcomed thefeminine principle of the deity, the Shekhinah, as the Sabbath. Theysang Alkabez's hymn with their eyes closed, perhaps because thesupernatural light of the Skekhinah came from the other heavenly spheres(Sefirot). In the Friday evening services for the Reception of theSabbath in synagogues, both in Nathan's time and today, this hymnis chanted, and at the beginning of the last stanza the congregation,who have been facing east, turns round to look west towards theentrance, Come in peace, thou crown of my husband, with rejoicing andcheerfulness Come my beloved with chorus of praise In the midst Adv. 1. in the midst - the middle or central part or point; "in the midst of the forest"; "could he walk out in the midst of his piece?"midmost of the faithful of the chosen people, come O bride,come O bride. (19) For Kabbalists like Luria souls are said to derive from the unityof the Tiferet (masculine) and Shekhinah (feminine) principles ofdivinity, and this unity takes place on the Sabbath. Scholars of Jewishmysticism (21) have traced this divine dyad dyad/dy��ad/ (di��ad) a double chromosome resulting from the halving of a tetrad. dy��adn.1. Two individuals or units regarded as a pair, such as a mother and a daughter.2. to the male-female NearEastern God-pair. "Dimly we perceive behind these mystical imagesthe male and female gods of antiquity, anathema as they were to thepious Kabbalist kab��ba��lahor kab��ba��la or ka��ba��la also ca��ba��la or qa��ba��la or qa��ba��lah ?n.1. often Kabbalah ." (22) To Nathan any melody of Lekhah Dodi, ofwhich he gave tow (23) (and there are hundreds, if not thousands, ofdifferent tunes) conveyed invocations to both twilight and to femininebeauty, the same two invocations of Byron's poems. Welcome Bride Sabbath; Queen of our days. (20) Nathan must have been well aware of the Kabbalist origins of LekhahDodi, and I speculate that Byron was too. As Burwick and Douglass havenoted, (24) Byron believed in the effect of the evil eye. Nathanexplained to him: "There are also a number of curious anecdotesrecorded in Hebrew relative to the eyn ra (evil eye), how a particularrace of man skilled in Cabala cabala:see kabbalah. cabalaJewish oral traditions, originating with Moses. [Judaism: Benét, 154]See : Mysticism by a single gaze leveled an enemy to theearth, and occasioned instantaneous death; and even at this period oftime it is not uncommon for parents who have handsome children to hangcameos round their necks to protect them against the ill consequencesapprehended from an evil look or thought of an ill disposedperson." (25) Nathan showed Byron a cameo with six lines of Hebrew, the firstline a six-letter word and each subsequent line omitting the firstletter of the word above. (Dropping a letter on a line of theinscription of the amulet amulet(ăm`yəlĭt), object or formula that credulity and superstition have endowed with the power of warding off harmful influences. meant that an illness should gradually lessenits hold on the patient wearing the amulet.) (26) Byron reminded Nathanthat letter charms in the form of an inverted cone had been known sinceantiquity, for example abracadabra, abracadabr etc. Nathan oftenemphasized how he and Byron collaborated closely in the poem/musiccomposition, and how much Byron enjoyed hearing this poem sung by Brahamand Nathan, and even liked singing it himself. (27) He wrote in 1829: LORD BYRON here represents, with much discernment and feeling, thevarious shades of perfection in female beauty, by comparing with amasterly touch the serene placidity and harmony of features to variousobjects in nature. The empty show so often predominant in the structure andembellishments of female attire, he tacitly, but strongly condemns, byexhibiting the simple and becoming beauty of their contraries. The countenance, which in the female character is generally theindex of the mind, his Lordship here represents with a degree ofpenetration, which can only be the result of keen observation andexperience drawing a beautiful and striking conclusion, that withoutinnocence, peace and harmony within, we can scarcely find placidity andcomposure in female expression. When arranging the first Edition of the Hebrew Melodies it wasremarked that his Lordship generally requested to hear this melody sung,and would not infrequently join in its execution. There was a melancholyexpression hanging over his countenance on these occasions, which wouldinduce a belief that there was somewhat more of reality connected withthe feelings which these lines expressed, than the mere imagination ofthe poet. On finding this air, therefore, placed first in thearrangement, (which was done in compliment to his Lordship) he appearedmuch pleased. These circumstances, trivial in themselves, but certainlyimportant to the development of the real character of his Lordship, gaverise to many conjectures relevant to the above lines. It is mostprobable, from the fervent attachment he felt towards his sister, whosecountenance was as beautiful, as her disposition was amiable, and theincreasing tenderness with which he seemed on all occasions to view her,that they were directed to that lady alon e. This opinion is muchstrengthened by the anxiety he betrayed whenever the composition wasexecuted in her presence. (28) Nathan here is claiming that, while Byron may have been inspired in1814 by the sight of Mrs. Wilmot at dusk, his half-sister could havebeen the subject of She Walks in Beauty, possibly while he was writingthis ode, probably while hearing it sung, and especially when he sang ithimself. Jerusalem 701 B.C.E. In the spring of 701 B.C.E. the Assyrians, according to josephus,quoting Herodotus, were returning from having conquered Egypt, and cameto Jerusalem, which they besieged. In the Reading from the Prophets forthe morning service on the eighth day of Passover Isaiah (10:32) tellsus (and I shall use the King Jame's Authorized Version which Byronknew so well): "As yet shall he remain at Nob [probably MountScopus]: that day he shall shake his hand against the mount of thedaughter of Zion, the bill of Jerusalem." Byron put The Destruction of Semnacherib in anapestic an��a��pestalso an��a��paest ?n.1. A metrical foot composed of two short syllables followed by one long one, as in the word seventeen.2. tetrameters The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold, And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee Galilee(găl`ĭlē), region, N Israel, roughly the portion north of the plain of Esdraelon. Galilee was the chief scene of the ministry of Jesus. . (29) Tradition has it that King Sennacherib's astrologers had toldhim to attack at once, but the soldiers were weary and were allowed torest that night. That night was Passover. King Hezekiah and his companywere eating their Paschal lambs in the city of Jerusalem below. TheAssyrian general Rabshakeh heard Israel chanting the Passover Song ofPraise, Hallel. He told Sennacherib "Go back! On this nightmiracles are wrought for Israel." But Sennacherib merelycontemptuously waved his hand towards fair Zion's mount. Whereupon the Second Book of Kings (19:35--36) tells us: "Andit came to pass that night, that the angel of the Lord went out, andsmote in the camp of the Assyrians an hundred fourscore and fivethousand: and when they arose early in the morning, behold, they wereall corpses. So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed, and went andreturned, and dwelt dwelt?v.A past tense and a past participle of dwell. at Nineveh." (30) You can now take your choice of three explanations--that biblicalaccount, my near certainty that the soldiers died of bubonic bu��bon��icadj.Of or relating to a bubo.buboniccharacterized by or pertaining to buboes.bubonic plaguea highly contagious and severe disease caused by the bacillus andpneumonic plague pneumonic plaguen.A frequently fatal form of bubonic plague in which the lungs are infected and the disease is transmissible by coughing. , or you can prefer Byron Like the leaves of the forest when Summer is green That host with their banners at sunset were seen: Like the leaves of the forest when Autumn bath blown, That host on the morrow lay withered and strown p. p. 1.p. p. os> of Strow. . For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast, And breathed in the face of the foe as he pass'd; And the eyes of the sleepers wax'd deadly and chill, And their hearts but once heaved, and for ever grew still! And there lay the steed with his nostril nostril/nos��tril/ (nos��tril) either of the nares. nos��triln.A naris.nostrileither of the two apertures (nares) of the nose that lead into the nasal cavity. all wide, But through it there roll'd not the breath of his pride: And the foam of his gasping lay white on the turf, And cold as the spray of the rock-beating surf. And there lay the rider distorted and pale, With the dew on his brow and the rust on his mail: And the tents were all silent, the banners alone, The lances unlifted, the trumpet unblown. And the widows of Ashur are loud in their wail, And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal: And the might of the Gentile, unsmote by the sword This article is about the fantasy novel by Mercedes Lackey. For other uses, see By the Sword (disambiguation).By the Sword is the name of a 1991 fantasy novel by Mercedes Lackey. , Hath melted like snow in the glance of the Lord (31) Lord Jeffrey wrote to Moore on 11 June 1815, "I have just gota set of Lord Byron's works, and read his Hebrew Melodies for thefirst time. There is rather a monotony in the subjects, but a sweetnessof versification versification,principles of metrical practice in poetry. In different literatures poetic form is achieved in various ways; usually, however, a definite and predictable pattern is evident in the language. to which I know but one parallel, and a depth and forceof feeling which, though indicated only by short sobs and glances, ishere as marked and peculiar as in his greater pieces." (32) Jeffrey's praise of Hebrew Melodies was appreciated by Byron,particularly because most of Byron's friends and admirers werehostile. In April 1816 the Courier (33) published a parody of TheDestruction of Sennacherib entitled Debate on the Navy Estimates.Anapestic tetrameter could be adapted to many uses, as the first andlast stanzas of the parody testify. Oh! Tiemey came down like the wolf on the fold, And his phalanx phalanx,ancient Greek formation of infantry. The soldiers were arrayed in rows (8 or 16), with arms at the ready, making a solid block that could sweep bristling through the more dispersed ranks of the enemy. of voters was boasting and bold; And the noise of their cheering resembled the roar, As you shoot London Bridge, when the tide is half o'er. And the waiters at Brook's are loud in their wail; And mute is the Holland-House-Temple of Baal; And the might of the Party, in spite of big words, Hath melted like snow, both in Commons and Lords. (34) Nevertheless Nathan's book went through many editions and inmany languages. Passover, London 1816 Byron was familiar with the story of Passover. His biographer notesthat, "He was particularly fond of eating the crusty part of aloaf, which he always cut himself [and] left nothing but crumbs...'Nathan, your progenitors would have been more grateful for suchindulgences in luxury, when traversing the wilderness with abaker's oven on their backs; with no other fuel than the heat ofthe sun to preserve their pastry: a scanty portion of crust,Nathan.'" (35) On April 241816 Byron went from Albany, Piccadilly into exile. (37)Before he left, Nathan, who knew how much Byron enjoyed biscuits, senthim some matzah: "My Lord, I cannot deny myself the pleasure ofsending your Lordship some holy biscuits, commonly called unleavenedbread, denominated by the Nazarenes motsas, better known in thisenlightened age by the epithet ep��i��thet?n.1. a. A term used to characterize a person or thing, such as rosy-fingered in rosy-fingered dawn or the Great in Catherine the Great.b. Passover Cakes; and as a certain angel,by his presence, assured the safety of a whole nation, may the sameguardian spirit pass with your Lordship to that land where the fates mayhave decreed you to sojourn for a while!" (37) Byron replied, My dear Nathan,--I have to acknowledge the receipt of your veryseasonable Within a reasonable time; timely.The term seasonable is usually used in connection with the performance of contractual obligations that must be completed "seasonably." The facts and circumstances of each case define a reasonable period of time. bequest, which I duly appreciate; the unleavened bread shallcertainly accompany me in my pilgrimage; and, with a full reliance ontheir efficacy, the Motsas shall be to me a charm against the destroyingAngel wherever I may sojourn; his serene highness, however will, I hope,be polite enough to keep at a desirable distance from my person, withoutthe necessity of besmearing my doorposts or upper lintels with the bloodof any animal. With many thanks for your kind attention, believe me, Mydear Nathan, Yours very truly, BYRON (38) And as he left Byron shook hands with Nathan and gave him afifty-pound note. Venice Jewry, 1817 Byron's friendship with Isaac Nathan was probably his firstcontact with Jewish religious customs (as opposed to money lending) butnot his last. Exiled in Italy, Byron spent the summer months of 1817seven miles outside Venice in the Villa Foscarini on the Brenta at LaMira. Many of his neighbors were Jews, not allowed to own property inthe city. (39) He wrote to John Murray that he had been invited "tothe circumcision circumcision(sûr'kəmsĭzh`ən), operation to remove the foreskin covering the glans of the penis. It dates back to prehistoric times and was widespread throughout the Middle East as a religious rite before it was introduced among the of a sucking Shylock Shylockshrewd, avaricious moneylender. [Br. Lit.: Merchant of Venice]See : Usury ," which ceremony he had found"very moving." (40) Byron lived next to a Jewish doctor, oneof whose four daughters was called Allegra Al��leg��raA trademark for the drug fexofenadine hydrochloride.fexofenadine hydrochlorideAllegra, Telfast (UK)Pharmacologic class: Peripherally selective piperidine, selective histamine . Claire Clairmont had borneto Byron an illegitimate daughter named Alba, but at her christening inMarch 1818 he renamed her Clara Allegra. (41) Isaac Nathan in Australia Nathan's career was blighted by the loss of his two patronswhen Byron departed in 1816, and Princess Charlotte died in 1817. Yetthe British Library Catalogue has twelve pages for his published musicalcompositions. He wrote songs, operas, and operettas, pantomimes,melodramas, and in 1823, a History of Music. Braham gave many songrecitals of his Hebrew Melodies that remained in print until 1861.Though of no high quality these songs show the influence ofNathan's teacher Corn, especially because they were embellishedwith grace notes in the eighteenth-century manner. Nathan's novelist wife had died in 1824, leaving him with sixchildren, all of whom were baptized. He remarried in 1826, to hisbrother's wife's sister, Henrietta Buckley, a dancer. Nathanwas self-confident musically and socially. In 1835, "he gaveevidence on behalf of Lady Longford against her husband, and in asubsequent disagreement with Lord Longford, Mr. Nathan relates that hewas 'compelled to knock his Lordship down.' He was tried inOctober, 1835, for the heinous offence and acquitted." (42) Nathan seems to have acted as confidential agent for both KingGeorge IV and his brother William IV, recovering various documentsprobably detailing various infidelities of members of the royal family.However Nathan's claim for two thousand pounds expended by him onthese affairs was never settled by these Kings. He had no hope ofrepayment when Victoria became Queen in 1837, and he emigrated in 1840to Australia. History repeated itself in 1905 when Sir James Reid, KingEdward VII's Physician, negotiated for six months to recover from ablackmailer 300 compromising letters from Queen Victoria about her"dear valued servant and friend J[ohn] Brown." (43) Similarlyat the end of World War II King George VI sent his Keeper of Pictures,Sir Anthony Blunt, to Bavaria to retrieve delicate familycorrespondence. In Sydney Nathan called his house Byron's Lodge, (44) and madea living by teaching and giving concerts. He founded choral societiesand in 1844 presided over music for the consecration of the York StreetSynagogue. He went bankrupt, but recovered and prospered again. Nathan claimed to work 22 hours a day, setting the type for hismusical works that included The Aboriginal Falls, a Native Song of theManeroo Tribe. (45) In 1843 he wrote the first Australian opera, MerryFreaks in Troublous Times, about King Charles II, and in 1846 Don Johnof Austria John of Austria, 1545–78, Spanish admiral and generalJohn of Austria,1545–78, Spanish admiral and general; illegitimate son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. . (46) This has recently been re-orchestrated and produced byhis great-great-great-grandson, Sir Charles Mackeras. Anotherdescendant, Harry Nathan, wrote the music for Australia's mostfamous song, "Waltzing Matilda." Isaac Nathan died in Sydneyin 1864 after descending from a tram. He was part of a musical familystill active today after 250 years. NOTES (1.) C. H. Bertie, Isaac Nathan: Australia's First Comp oser(Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1927); Olga Somech Phillips, IsaacNathan (London: Minerva, 1940); Catherine MacLaurin Mackerras, TheHebrew Melodist: A Life of Isaac Nathan (Sidney: Curraway, 1963); E.Wood, "Isaac Nathan," in New Grove Dictionary of Music andMusicians The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians and is regarded as the most authoritative reference source on the subject in the English language. (London: Macmillan, 2001), 17: 653-654; M. Bidney,"Motsas for Lord Byron: TheJudeo-British Literary Persona of IsaacNathan," ByronJournal 1997 (25): 60-70. (2.) Andre Maurois, Byron (London: Jonathan Cape, 1930); LeslieAlexis Marchand, Byron: A Biography (London: John Murray, 1957); LeslieAlexis Marchand, ed., Byron's Letters and Journals, 12 vol.(London: John Murray, 1973-82); Phyllis Grosskurth, Byron: The FlawedAngel (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1997); Benita Eisler, Byron:Child of Passion, Fool ofFame (New York New York, state, United StatesNew York,Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : Knopf, 1999). (3.) Marchand, Byron: A Biography, p. 488. (4.) Marchand, Byron: A Biography, p. 512. (5.) Marchand, ed., Byron's Letters and Journals, (4): 260. (6.) Marchand, ed., Byron's Letters and Journals, (4):274,280. (7.) Frederick Burwick and Paul Douglass, eds., A Selection ofHebre Melodies, Ancient and Modern, by Isaac Nathan and Lord Byron(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988); I. Braham and I.Nathan, A Selection offlebrew Melodies, Ancient and Modern withAppropriate Symphonies & Accompaniments, the Poetry WrittenExpressly for the Work by the Right Honble Lord Byron, 1st number(London: I Nathan, 1815). (8.) C. G. N. Byron, Hebrew Melodies (London: John Murray, 1815). (9.) G. Pont, "Byron and Nathan: A MusicalCollaboration," Byron journal l999 (27):51-65, pp. 52, 62. (10.) Pont, p. 53. (11.) A. Slater, "Byron's Hebrew Melodies," Studiesin Philology phi��lol��o��gy?n.1. Literary study or classical scholarship.2. See historical linguistics.[Middle English philologie, from Latin philologia, love of learning 1952 (49): 75-94, p. 78. (12.) Slater, p. 86. (13.) Pont, p.56; I. Nathan, Fugitive Pieces and Reminiscences ofLord Byron: Containing an Entire New Edition of the Hebrew Melodies.. .Also Some Original Poetry, Letters and Recollections of Lady CarolineLamb See also Lady Caroline Lamb (film)The Lady Caroline Lamb (13 November 1785–26 January 1828) was a novelist and British aristocrat, the only daughter of the 3rd Earl of Bessborough and Henrietta Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough, with whom George IV fell in (London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Co., 1829), p. 51. (14.) One shade the more, one ray the less, Which waves in every raven tress, Had half impair'd the nameless grace Where thoughts serenely sweet express Or softly lightens o'er her face She walks in beauty--like the night How pure--how dear their dwelling-place. And on that cheek, and o'er that brow, Of cloudless climes and starry skies. The smiles that win--the tints that glow So soft--so calm--yet eloquent A mind at peace with all below - But tell of days in goodness spent, A heart whose love is innocent. She walks in beauty--like the night Braham and Nathan, pp. 1-12. Of cloudless climes and starry skies. (15.) Burwick and Douglass, p. 28. (16.) F. L. Cohen cohenor kohen(Hebrew: “priest”) Jewish priest descended from Zadok (a descendant of Aaron), priest at the First Temple of Jerusalem. The biblical priesthood was hereditary and male. , "Lekhah Dodi," The Jewish Encyclopedia(New York: Ktav, 1901), 7:675-677; A. Kanof, "Sabbath,"Encyclopedia Judaica (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 4:568-569; M. Yidit,"Lekhah Dodi," Eneyclopedia Judaica (New York: Macmillan,1971), 11:3-6. (17.) J. Harlow, ed., Prayer Book(New York: Rabbinical Assembly,United Synagogue of America, 1985), pp. 262-265. (18.) Louis Jacobs, The Jewish Religion: A Companion (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1995), P.3 14. (19.) Jacobs, P. 314. (20.) Haslow, PP. 262-265. (21.) Such as Gershom Gerhard Scholem, Major Trends in JewishMysticism (Jerusalem & New York: Schocken, 1941 and 1946), andRaphael Patai, The Hebrew Goddest (Detroit: Wayne University Press,1990). (22.) Scholem, P. 227. (23.) Braham and Nathan, PP. 1-12. (24.) Burwick and Douglass, p. 27. (25.) Nathan, Fugitive Pieces pp. 120-122. (26.) J.J. Beaton, "The College Library's Oldest Books:The 'Cradle Prints,'" in Treasures of the College, editedby J. J. Beaton, R Miller, and I. T. Boyle (Glasgow: The Royal Collegeof Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, an institute of physicians and surgeons in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.Founded 1599, it originally existed as a regulatory authority to ensure that physicians, surgeons and dentists were well trained. , 1998), pp. 50-52. (27.) Nathan, Fugitive Pieces, PP. 2-3. (28.) Nathan, Fugitive Pieces, pp. 2-3. (29.) Byron, Hebrew Melodies, P. 91. (30.) 2 Kings 19:35-36. (31.) Byron, Hebrew Melodies, pp. 91-96. (32.) Thomas L. Ashton, Byron's Hebrew Melodies (London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), P. 46. (33.) Ashton, p. 51. (34.) Ashton, p. 51. (35.) Nathan, Fugitive Pieces, pp. 94-95. (36.) Maurois, P. 329. (37.) Maurois, p. 329. (38.) Marchand, Byron 's Letter and Journals (5): 68-69. (39.) Eisler. (40.) Marchand, Byron's Letter and Journals (5): 255. (41.) Eisler. (42.) Bertie, P. 14. (43.) M. Reid, "Sir James Reid, Bt: Royal Apothecary apothecary/apoth��e��cary/ (ah-poth��e-kar?e) pharmacist. a��poth��e��car��yn. pl. a��poth��e��car��ies Abbr. ap.1. ,"Journal Royal Society of Medicine 2001 (94): 194-196. (44.) Slater, p. 89. (45.) Bertie, pp. 19-22. (46.) Wood, pp. 653-654. JEREMY HUGH BARON is honorary consultant at St. Mary's andHammersmith Hospitals, Imperial College School of Medicine The Imperial College School of Medicine is the medical school of Imperial College London in England. The Faculty of Medicine was established in 1997, bringing together all the major West London medical schools into one world-class institution (see infra). , London andhonorary professorial lecturer, Mount Sinai School of Medicine This page is about a medical school in New York. For other uses, please see: Mount Sinai (disambiguation)Mount Sinai School of Medicine is a medical school found in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. , NewYork.