2007 ACEI Annual International Conference, Tampa, Florida.

2007 ACEI Annual International Conference, Tampa, Florida. Jim Hoot, from State University of New York (body) State University of New York - (SUNY) The public university system of New York State, USA, with campuses throughout the state. at Buffalo, greets ournew ACEI ACEI Angiotensin Converting Enzyme InhibitorACEI Association for Childhood Education InternationalACEI Association of Consulting Engineers of Ireland Executive Board President, Karen Liu. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Margaret Schwartz, Florida Gulf Coast University About FGCUHistoryThe newest university in the State University System of Florida, the school was established by then-governor Lawton Chiles in 1991, although the site of the university wasn't chosen until 1992, and construction pushed back even further still (until , Ft. Myers,displays the Eagles Educate Branch's Week of the ClassroomTeacher/World Teachers" Day "Sweet Ways To RecognizeOutstanding Educators." [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Members of the Florida Local Committee gather to say hello: TundeSzecsi, General Conference Chair; Elia Vazquez-Montilla, Sally Mayberry,Program Chairs; Jessica Essary, ACEI Executive Board StudentRepresentative; and Danielle Paull. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Members of the Florida Local Committee greet the Closing KeynoteSpeaker, Kimberly Oliver, the 2006 National Teacher of the Year The National Teacher of the Year is a professional award in the United States. The program began in 1952, as a project by the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO), and aims to reward excellence in teaching. It is sponsored by ING. . [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Local Committee members Tunde Szecsi and Elia Vazquez-Montillaconverse with the ACEI Opening Keynote Speaker, Jonathan Kozol. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The 2007 Patty Smith Hill Award recipient, Sue Wortham, with herhusband, Marshall Wortham. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Outgoing ACEI President Jeanie Burnett thanks Kimberly Oliver forher inspiring and uplifting speech. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Trestan and Maria Rita Maria Rita (born September 19 1977 in S?o Paulo, Brazil) is the performance name of Maria Rita Mariano, a Brazilian singer. She is the daughter of famed pianist/arranger C��sar Camargo Mariano and the late Brazilian singing legend Elis Regina and sister to Pedro Mariano. D. Lucas proudly display "ReflectiveEducation in the Philippines Education in the Philippines has a similar system to that of the United States, as the Philippines was colonized by the Americans from 1898 to 1946. Filipino children enter public school at about age four, starting from Nursery up to Kindergarten. : Focus on Field Experiences." Theirposter demonstrates how preservice teachers apply new teacher educationcurriculum in the Philippines. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

Bronze Age urban households of the Levant: how do we really know the past?

Bronze Age urban households of the Levant: how do we really know the past? J. DAVID David, in the BibleDavid,d. c.970 B.C., king of ancient Israel (c.1010–970 B.C.), successor of Saul. The Book of First Samuel introduces him as the youngest of eight sons who is anointed king by Samuel to replace Saul, who had been deemed a failure. SCHLOEN. The house of the father as fact and symbol:patrimonialism in Ugarit and the ancient Near East (Studies in theArchaeology and History of the Levant The Levant, is a geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia to the east. 2). xv+414 pages, 30 figures, 17tables. 2001. Winona Lake (IN): Eisenbrauns; 1-57506-907-5 hardback$57.50. EDWARD F. CAMPBELL & G.R.H. WRIGHT. Shechem III: thestratigraphy stratigraphy,branch of geology specifically concerned with the arrangement of layered rocks (see stratification). Stratigraphy is based on the law of superposition, which states that in a normal sequence of rock layers the youngest is on top and the oldest on the & architecture of Shechem/Tell Balatah (2 vols.;American Schools of Oriental Research Archaeological Reports No. 6).xxvii+617 pages, 480 figures. 2002. Boston (MA): American Schools ofOriental Research; 0-89757-062-6 (set), 0-89757-058-8 (Vol. 1),0-89757-061-8 (Vol. 2) $175 & 125 [pounds sterling]. The two works under discussion seem to be at two different ends ofthe spectrum. Schloen's is highly theoretical, but it does refer tothe data before jumping to conclusions; on the other hand, the Shechemvolumes (Campbell's text and Wright's illustrations) are veryempirical being mainly descriptive, and yet they do keep theoreticalproblems in sight. The basic difference lies in their literary genre Noun 1. literary genre - a style of expressing yourself in writingwriting style, genredrama - the literary genre of works intended for the theaterprose - ordinary writing as distinguished from verse :one (Schloen's) is a study, whereas the others are a report. Description or interpretation Schloen's book (based on a PhD thesis with the necessary newmaterial added to transform it into the first part of a plannedtwo-volume work) sets out to examine an important symbol in the NearEast during the Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the , namely that of 'the father'shouse'. Thereby, he purports to undertake a most ambitiousinterdisciplinary approach so as to study long-term socio-historicaldevelopments--something seldom undertaken by students of the ancientNear East. Indeed, Schloen makes use of various sources and methodspertaining to the fields of philosophy, sociology, archaeology, economy,demography, and philology--and all the while he succeeds in remainingfocussed. To his credit, I feel that he has managed to respect thecanons of multiple fields of scholarship without falling into the trapof producing different disconnected sectors. However, his section onphilosophy and social theory is too long, at times not quite crisp, andrather repetitive--the reader must really bravely wade his way throughthis part. Schloen's theoretical stance is 'explicitlyhermeneutical' (p. 29). He is convinced that both the positivist pos��i��tiv��ism?n.1. Philosophya. A doctrine contending that sense perceptions are the only admissible basis of human knowledge and precise thought.b. (processualist) as well as the anti-positivist (post-processualist)positions lack philosophical sophistication so��phis��ti��cate?v. so��phis��ti��cat��ed, so��phis��ti��cat��ing, so��phis��ti��catesv.tr.1. To cause to become less natural, especially to make less naive and more worldly.2. . He falls back on thinkerslike Max Weber Noun 1. Max Weber - United States abstract painter (born in Russia) (1881-1961)Weber2. Max Weber - German sociologist and pioneer of the analytic method in sociology (1864-1920)Weber , Paul Ricoeur Paul Ricœur (February 27, 1913 Valence France – May 20, 2005 Chatenay Malabry France) was a French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutic interpretation. , and Martin Heidegger Noun 1. Martin Heidegger - German philosopher whose views on human existence in a world of objects and on Angst influenced the existential philosophers (1889-1976)Heidegger . When studyingsocieties, the starting point should be the 'subjective meaning ofsocial action' (p. 42) which contrasts sharply with definingculture in terms of 'externally observable patterns ofbehaviour' (p. 42). Thus, when examining an important symbol insociety like that of 'the house of the father', explanatorymodels are possible and legitimate provided that 'an intuitiveunderstanding of motivations ("reasons for acting") mustencompass and integrate every' (p. 18) such model. Such statementscould obviously lead us to ask ourselves how we can get at the'subjective meanings of social action'. To do this we wouldobviously need informants--something which we do not have for antiquity,except by way of textual remains. So, what about the prehistoricperiods? How are we supposed to intuit the motivations of the socialactors in question? it is here that Schloen proposes a distinctionbetween facts and symbols; for him facts mean data, whereas symbolsshould be linked with social 'structure', and this latter taskshould take into account 'linguistically mediated subjectivemeanings' in order to reach its goal (p. 38). For Schloen'facts' relate to prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to , whereas symbols are linked withhistory. In this sense, whether an archaeologist is working in aprehistoric period or not, he would always be a prehistorian as long ashe precludes taking into consideration the motivations of the socialactors concerned. A symbol like that of 'the house of thefather' should be tackled both as a fact via explanation/explanatory models, and as a symbol via understanding. Schloen rightlyinsists that both approaches are to be employed in view of the fact thatMan can also have unconscious 'desires' which motivate him;hence, causes for social action can be explained, whereas the motivesfor this can only be understood. Indeed, following Ricoeur, Schloenclaims that understanding envelops explanation, whilst the latterdevelops understanding (pp. 27-28). I think that all this is fine aslong as one keeps in mind that in reality facts are not identical withthe data; as one philosopher has pointed out, a fact is a conclusion(Lonergan 1958:331, 347, 653). Hence, we do not excavate facts, butdata. Indeed, Schloen's own work (for example, when he shows [p.337] that the small one-holed 'stone anchors' from Ugaritshould be understood as 'pierced weights typically found witholive-oil presses') supports this. The foregoing points lead Schloen to opt for Max Weber's'patrimonial household model' (PHM) in order to account forsuch a symbol as that of 'the house of the father', which wasdominant in ancient Near Eastern society mainly before the firstmillennium BC. One basic structure pervaded such a society: that of thehousehold headed by a patriarch. A particular country was thus viewed asone large household headed by the king with all other households nestedwithin it, with each subject in turn being himself a patriarchal rulerin his own household (p. 67). Hence, just as in modern North African andNear Eastern cities, relationships between members of a household andeven of a quarter in a city were expressed in terms of kinship, therebyshowing that the widely held dichotomy between urban and ruralsettlements is false. A reassessment of the evidence, in the light ofthe PHM, leads Schloen to conclude that Igor Diakonoff's two-sectormodel (and thus also Karl Marx's 'Asiatic Mode ofProduction') is deficient; indeed, the PHM model is also supportedby the fact that at Ugarit, for example, economic texts in'private' archives are similar to those in the'palace' archives. The upshot is that as far as the pre-firstmillennium BC society of the Near East is concerned, we can no longerposit a dichotomy between public and private ownership, city andvillage, and bureaucratic and kinship-based groups. One common threadpervaded everything, namely the patrimonial PATRIMONIAL. A thing, which comes from the father, and by extension, from the mother or other ancestor. regime. That is why thetextual evidence speaks of superiors in terms of fathers/ masters, ofsubordinates in terms of sons/ servants, and of social equals in termsof brothers. Indeed, the word 'house' in ancient Near Easterntexts can indicate 'social groups of widely varying degrees of sizeand complexity' (p. 71). Does the evidence actually confirm this? In general it does;however, there is one aspect which needs to be looked at more closely,namely the question of archaeological research into domesticarchitecture linked with demographic studies. This matter entails theproblem of the application of modern and contemporary results inethnography to antiquity, as well as that of the (often) random andincomplete nature of archaeological evidence (Millard 1991: 21). On thebasis of the wide range of house sizes at Tell Belt Mirsim in Palestine,Schloen concludes 'that both nuclear and joint-family householdsexisted in Iron 11 Israelite cities in the proportions predicted byMediterranean demographic evidence under a system of patrilocal pat��ri��lo��cal?adj. AnthropologyOf or relating to residence with a husband's kin group or clan.pat postmarriage residence' (p. 175). Indeed, this is corroborated bythe evidence from other sites in Palestine such as Tell en-Nasbeh andTell el-Farah (N), where high mortality rates shortened the cycle of thejoint-family transforming it into a nuclear one. However, when oneconsiders the fact that archaeologists of the Levant Levant(ləvănt`)[Ital.,=east], collective name for the countries of the eastern shore of the Mediterranean from Egypt to, and including, Turkey. are not agreed asto whether the famous 'four-room houses' had coveredcourtyards or not, then one would need to be more cautious whencalculating the number of persons living in each domestic unit. AlthoughSchloen does take both possibilities into consideration, this leaves usin the dark as to the actual number of persons who could have lived in agiven domestic unit. Spade is spade This is where the Shechem volumes come in. They constitute a reportof the 'Joint Expedition' (Drew McCormick ArchaeologicalExpedition) at Shechem in northern Palestine between 1956 and 1973. Thisis an excellent report, which is not only very accurate in itspresentation of the data but also extremely candid when it comes topresenting some evidence which Campbell himself classifies as elusive(p. 19). With respect to domestic architecture, Campbell simply calls aspade a spade. Thus, for example, no information on domestic space isoffered with regard to the domestic area discussed on p. 37, for thesimple reason that the evidence is too fragmentary to warrant anyconclusion. On the other hand, when discussing the Middle Bronze IIB IIB Institute for Independent BusinessIIB Institute of International BusinessIIB Institute of International BankersIIB International Investment BankIIB Indian Institute of Banking & FinanceIIB Included in BankruptcyIIB Ice, Ice, Baby southern complex of the acropolis acropolis(əkrŏp`əlĭs)[Gr.,=high point of the city], elevated, fortified section of various ancient Greek cities.TheAcropolis of Athens, a hill c.260 ft (80 m) high, with a flat oval top c. , Campbell interprets the remains ofRoom 8 (in Stratum XIXA) as a 'stone-lined pit with a mortar in thebottom (locus 6.14), no doubt used for grinding grain' (p. 61).Hence, we have a firm conclusion based on the evidence that agriculturalactivity did take place in the city. This tallies with Schloen'sobservations that in Ugarit, despite its being a cosmopolitan city, wehave evidence of urban agriculture; indeed, a great percentage of sickleblades were retrieved from only six houses in the city (p. 335), wherethere were olive-oil presses (p. 337), and where 'stone-linedcompost' pits were used for manure from animals kept in the stablesof houses (p. 340). In fact, the results of Campbell's work often agree with thoseof Schloen. The main difference is that methodologically the two workscomplement each other, with Campbell's starting point being arigorous description of the data retrieved in the field. Hence, the'striated black and grey layer 500' of the Late BronzeAge/Early Iron Age Gate Tower in Shechem's Field I is interpretedvery cautiously by Campbell as being either destruction debris or asbeing 'more likely the residue of an agricultural process [only inArea 16 and Area 17 North]' (p. 173). However, Campbell too is verymuch aware of various theoretical explanations which could account forthe data. Thus, on the basis of a combination of textual and generalarchaeological evidence, he proposes the hypothesis of a'disease-control measure' to account for the multiple'burn deposits' and the many pits which were deliberatelyfilled up (infected material would have been put in the pits which werethen sealed with soil being brought from other pits to create newsurfaces) in Strata XII and XI (pp. 232-3). There is one particular instance where Campbell's conclusionis very similar indeed to that of Schloen mentioned above. Stratum IX inField VII provides very good evidence of domestic units. There are,inter alia [Latin, Among other things.] A phrase used in Pleading to designate that a particular statute set out therein is only a part of the statute that is relevant to the facts of the lawsuit and not the entire statute. , four units, namely A, B, C, and D, with the last threeprobably having had two storeys. Acute observation of the stratigraphyand architecture led Campbell to observe that units A and B had twophases, whilst units C and D (North) had at least three, and that in analley area at the west, doorways had been filled up and cross wallserected. This suggested to him 'either different traffic patternsand perhaps changes in the relationships among the occupants' (p.269). He concludes that units A, B, and C were in fact a cluster ofdwellings for one extended family with yard 18 functioning as a commonentrance. However, the area of each unit, combined with the generallyagreed calculation that each person required ten square meters of livingspace, induced Campbell also to say that units A, B, and D 'couldhave housed a nuclear family' (p. 269). Thus, both Schloen andCampbell agree that domestic space in the ancient Near East was adaptedaccording to whether extended families had been transformed into nuclearones. But since Campbell is dealing with particular cases, he isnecessarily more cautious in his specific statements. The works of both are in fact magisterial mag��is��te��ri��al?adj.1. a. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a master or teacher; authoritative: a magisterial account of the history of the English language.b. , with an enormous amountof interesting data and good documentation. To underscore the fewinevitable flaws of each would be petty. However, Schloen's workleaves me with a question as to what precisely is the role of theory inthe study of antiquity, whereas the volumes by Campbell & Wrightremind me that there are no such things as a pure description or rawdata; indeed, Wright himself wrote that 'the published area planswere less and less a tracing from the feature exposed at one time on theground and more and more the result of subsequent analysis andre-analysis--i.e. they were to an increasing degree office constructionsand reconstructions' (p. 10). That leaves us with two options:either to endorse the self-defeating position that we cannot really knowanything, or to opt for an approach which is empirical, but which doesadmit that one's starting point is not an empty head. If we have awell stocked mind (and this is where critical theory really comes in),then through the self-correcting process of understanding we will beable to understand the data better and verify (by referring back tothem) whether we have understood correctly or not (Lonergan 1958: 252,273-4, 286, 300). If so, then we would have established facts. To readSchloen's book in conjunction with the Shechem volumes is preciselyto have learnt at least this lesson. References LONERGAN, B. 1958. Insight: a study of human understanding (2nded.). London: Longmans, Green. MILLARD, A.R. 1991. Texts and archaeology: weighing theevidence--the case for King Solomon, Palestine Exploration Quarterly The Palestine Exploration Quarterly (abbreviated PEQ) is the main publication of London's Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF), issued (despite the name) twice each year to individual and institutional subscribers and supporters of the Fund. 123: 19-27. Anthony J. Frendo, Department of Arabic & Near Eastern Studies,University of Malta The university also offers postgraduate Doctorates (PhD), but these are somewhat unpopular, with students usually turning to foreign universities when undertaking doctorate-level studies.The rector of the university is currently Professor Juanito Camilleri. , Msida MSD (MicroSoft Diagnostics) A utility that accompanied Windows 3.1 and DOS 6 that reported on the internal configuration of the PC. A variety of information on disks, video, drivers, IRQs and port addresses was provided. 06 Malta GC. (E-mail:anthony.frendo@um.edu.mt)

Bronze-casting and organization of production at Kalnik-Igrisce (Croatia).

Bronze-casting and organization of production at Kalnik-Igrisce (Croatia). Recent excavations at the Late Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the settlement site ofKalnik-Igrisce, northwestern Croatia, have brought to light evidence ofsmall-scale bronze-casting. From that evidence, and the pattern ofsimilar evidence from other sites in the southwestern part of the MiddleDanubian Basin, conclusions can be drawn about circulation of metal andits control by an elite.One key issue in recent discussions of production organization inhierarchical societies is the relationship between craft specialists andthe social elite (Clark & Parry 1990; Costin 1991). Most studiesdistinguish two basic categories of products: utilitarian and prestige.Monopolizing access to prestige items should be of concern to the elite,as these objects define status and legitimize le��git��i��mize?tr.v. le��git��i��mized, le��git��i��miz��ing, le��git��i��miz��esTo legitimate.le��git power. Workshops producingelite goods should be fairly few in number and located in majorsettlements, where they could be supervised by the central authority. Wewould expect them to be operated by a restricted number of mastercraftsmen, 'attached specialists' sponsored by the elite(Brumfiel & Earle 1987: 5). Production of utilitarian items - lesstightly controlled or even left to the individual initiative ofindependent specialists - will be more widespread across the landscape(Wells 1984: 52, 65-70).During the Middle Danubian Late Bronze Age, bronze continued in usefor producing exquisite luxury items, such as bronze vessels, swords,defensive weaponry and elaborate decorative pieces. By that time it isalso common enough to be widely used in agricultural and wood-workingtools, in less ostentatious os��ten��ta��tious?adj.Characterized by or given to ostentation; pretentious. See Synonyms at showy.os decorative elements and for other mundanepurposes.Presently available evidence of metallurgical activities from thesouthwestern part of the Middle Danubian Basin lends general support tothe production model outlined above. New data related to this issuecomes from the Late Bronze Age settlement of Kalnik-Igrisce.Kalnik: the site and the evidence for bronze-castingKalnik is a group of steep wooded hills drained by small rivers, some50 km northeast of Zagreb in northwestern Croatia [ILLUSTRATION FORFIGURE 1 OMITTED]. Elevation varies between 500 and 600 m abovesea-level, reaching the highest point in Vranilac (641 m). The LateBronze Age site of Igrisce is situated directly beneath the main summit,at about 500 m above sea-level, on a 2-km long and 100-200-m wideinclined bench which breaks the steep south-facing slope. The rockysummit ridge protects it from the northern winds, while its positionprovides a controlling view of the wide valley below. Several springsare located in the immediate vicinity (Homen 1988).A series of surface scatters (mostly potsherds, some animal bones,occasional small bronzes) can be observed along the entire length of thebench (Majnaric-Pandzic 1990: 63). A greatly varying density of surfacefinds, as well as their character, suggests that the settlementconsisted of fairly dispersed individual residences. There were not verymany of them, probably a few dozen at most, and possibly less, for somemight have shifted location during the occupation. There is no evidenceof unusually rich or elaborate households, of a 'central area'within the settlement, defensive works, or any other indication ofelite-organized central authority.The excavated area (about 80 sq.m) is situated on a 10-15 [degrees]slope. The upper part of the cultural accumulation containing pottery ofvarious periods and a large quantity of limestone rocks, has beendisturbed by slope wash. The lower part (0.5 to 0.9 m thick) remainslargely in situ In place. When something is "in situ," it is in its original location. , as the well-preserved remains of several substantiallybuilt hearths shows. It contains large quantities of pottery (over 300sherds per cu. m on average), numerous animal bones, as well as smallbronzes. Except for hearths, its general character suggests a householdmidden middendungheap. .By its formal stylistic traits, the pottery belongs to theBaierdorf-Velatice group of the Middle Danubian Urnfield Culture Urnfield cultureLate Bronze Age culture of Europe, so called because its people placed their cremated dead in urns. This culture spread from east-central Europe and northern Italy in the 12th century BC and later to Ukraine, Sicily, Scandinavia, France, and Spain. (Pittioni 1954; 'Zagreb group' after Vinski-Gasparini 1983)which covers the earlier part of the Late Bronze Age, Br D-Ha A2, or13th-11th centuries BC (Muller-Karpe 1959). Two of the four availableradiocarbon determinations support this chronological assignment(Z-2161: 2980[+ or -]70 b.p., or 1307-1062 BC; Z-2163: 2890[+ or -]90b.p., or 1251-921 BC, 1[Sigma] range). The other two might be related tosome later event, either cultural or natural, which left fewarchaeological traces (Z-2162:2650[+ or -]60 b.p., or 832-794 BC;Z-2160:2540[+ or -]60 b.p., or 797-539 BC, 1[Sigma] range) (Srdoc et al.1992: 158-9).The excavation exposed remains of seven hearths made of compactedclay, scattered across the midden in no apparent order, at differentelevations, later hearths sometimes overlying overlyingsuffocation of piglets by the sow. The piglets may be weak from illness or malnutrition, the sow may be clumsy or ill, the pen may be inadequate in size or poorly designed so that piglets cannot escape. the earlier ones[ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 2 OMITTED]. Those better preserved were oval inshape, 1-1.5 m across. Beneath their plastered clay surface was areinforcing layer of potsherds (typologically identical to those foundthroughout the midden) or small angular limestones, intensively burned.There were traces of a clay lip encircling one of the hearths, but theexistence of a substantial superstructure seems highly unlikely.Several categories of evidence suggest that these hearths wereemployed in bronze-casting. Slag occurs in small quantities throughoutthe area, with the highest densities around some better-preservedhearths (Vrdoljak 1992: 79, figure 1).Recovered from the same area were several fragments of bipartitecasting moulds. This type of molud consists of two identical halves madeof stone or clay, locating dowels, pouring cup and a core for shapingthe hollow portion of objects such as socketed axes (Coghlan 1975:53-5). These moulds first came into use in the Middle Danubian Basinduring the Late Copper Age (Durman 1983). They dominated the Late BronzeAge production, when lead was often added to the alloy in order tofacilitate casting by increasing the fluidity of bronze (Tylecote 1976:16). (The presence of galena galena(gəlē`nə)or lead glance,lustrous, blue-gray mineral crystallizing usually in cubes, sometimes in octahedrons. It is the most important ore and the principal source of lead. in Kalnik was confirmed by the geologicalsurvey The term geological survey can be used to describe both the conduct of a survey for geological purposes and an institution holding geological information.A geological survey .)Six of the seven casting moulds from Kalnik were made of light graytuff, one of phyllite phylliteFine-grained metamorphic rock formed by the recrystallization of fine-grained, parent sedimentary rocks, such as mudstones or shales. Phyllite has a marked tendency to split into sheets or slabs; it may have a sheen on its surfaces due to tiny plates of micas. . All exhibit grayish-black stains resulting fromtheir use. They include shapes for a socketed axe with a side-loop, aflat axe, small chisels and a knife [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 3 OMITTED].Due to fragmentation and extensive heat damage, other shapes could notbe identified with certainty.Another peculiar find from the same area is a 'channelledstone' [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 4 OMITTED]. Identical objects havebeen recovered from other central European Late Bronze Age settlements,often associated with artefacts related to metallurgic activities (Horst1986; Bolliger 1987; Smrz 1979). Their specific function remainsunknown.Kalnik-Igrisce also yielded a fair number of small bronze finds (45altogether), mostly plain or simply decorated pins, buttons and sewingneedles (Majnaric-Pandzic 1990: plates 1 & 2). Most show evidence ofuse, many are damaged or fragmented. They are definitely not mis-casts,and could have provided only a very small quantity of scrap metal forre-casting. Casual bronze finds from several locations along the benchprobably also belong to the midden, indicating that bronze was commonenough for small bronze objects to be lost or even discarded.The field evidence suggests that casting of simple bronze objects wasoccasionaly carried out in the activity area exposed at Igrisce. Hearthswould have been adequate for melting scraps of metal in crucibles(Tylecote 1980: 196-7). A low intensity of activity is attested to bythe low density of slag pellets. Occasional stratigraphic stra��tig��ra��phy?n.The study of rock strata, especially the distribution, deposition, and age of sedimentary rocks.strat superpositioning of hearths, with midden accumulation in between,testifies to an intermittent character. And selecting the midden areafor the unpleasant metallurgic activity makes sense.Bronze-casting in northern CroatiaEven though very few of the Late Bronze Age settlements in theCroatian part of the Middle Danubian Basin have been extensivelyexcavated, several have yielded evidence of bronze-working. Judging bythe casting moulds, production was in all of them restricted toutilitarian items and simple decorative pieces [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE5 OMITTED]. Only at Sveti Petar might the evidence indicate moreintensive production: its excavators reported both hearths and furnaces,as well as numerous moulds, including those for spear points. That sitedates to the very end of the Late Bronze Age (Ha B3); it might not bestrictly comparable with the rest (Simek 1979). Similar evidence forcasting of simple bronzes, possibly on a larger scale, comes fromVelemszentvid in neighbouring southwestern Hungary (Miske 1908: plates22-27; Foltiny 1958: 31).While information on regional settlement patterns and the internalstructure of the settlements is still unsatisfactory, it is clear thatsmall-scale metallurgical activity was not restricted to a few sites.Production of utilitarian bronzes was scattered across the landscape,most likely carried out by locally resident part-time specialists. Thequestion of elite control over this production remains open. It couldhave been maintained by restricting the access to the raw material as,apparently, in the Aegean Late Bronze Age (Ventris & Chadwick1956:352-6) (maybe partially circumvented by recycling locally availableold bronzes). Or the observed evidence comes from independentbronze-smiths, satisfying local demand through decentralized exchangemechanisms. Regional stylistic similarities of utilitarian bronzes canbe explained as a consequence of information sharing See data conferencing. , rather thanlong-distance redistribution from centralized workshops. Intensive studyof raw material sources and their circulation is a prerequisite forresolving these issues.There is presently no local evidence of major bronze workshops forprestige bronze items within the discussed region, although such objectsrepeatedly appear in hoards (Vinski-Gasparini 1973). This might be dueto the lack of systematic regional study of settlement sites.Alternatively, central workshops may have been absent from northernCroatia, and the local elite procured prestige items from other parts ofthe Middle Danubian Basin through long-distance exchange.Acknowledgements. Systematic excavations at Igrisce were conductedfrom 1988 to 1990 as a joint project of the Department of Archaeology,University of Zagreb, and the Krizevci Municipal Museum. We wish tothank Nives Majnaric-Pandzic and Zoran Homen for insightful suggestionsand access to the materials, Marta Crnjakovic for petrographic pe��trog��ra��phy?n.The description and classification of rocks.pe��trogra��pher n. analysisof the casting moulds, and Antun Simunic for providing us withgeological information.ReferencesBOLLIGER, S. 1987. Metalverarbeitung, in H. Brem, S. Bolliger &M. Primas (ed.). Eschenz, Insel Werd III: Die romische undspat-bronzezeitliche Besiedlung: 132-46. Zurich: Abteilung fur Ur- undFruhgeschichte der Universitat Zurich.BRUMFIEL, E.M. & T.K. EARLE. 1987. Specialization, exchange, andcomplex societies: an introduction, in E.M. Brumfiel & T.K. Earle(ed.), Specialization, exchange, and complex societies: 1-9. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). .CLARK, J.E. & W.J. PARRY. 1990. Craft specialization and culturalcomplexity, in B.L. Isaac (ed.), Research in economic anthropology Economic anthropology is a scholarly field that attempts to explain human economic behavior using the tools of both economics and anthropology. It is practiced by anthropologists and has a complex relationship with economics. 32:289-346. Greenwich (CT): JAI JAI Java Advanced ImagingJAI Justice et Affaires Interi��ures (French: Justice and Home Affairs)JAI Journal of ASTM InternationalJAI Just An IdeaJAI Jazz Alliance InternationalJAI Joint Africa Institute Press.COGHLAN, H.H. 1975. Notes on the prehistoric metallurgy of copper andbronze in the Old World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OccasionalPapers on Technology 4.COSTIN, C.L. 1991. Craft specialization: issues in refining,documenting, and explaining the organization of production, in M.Schiffer (ed.), Archaeological method and theory 3: 1-56. Tucson (AZ):University of Arizona (body, education) University of Arizona - The University was founded in 1885 as a Land Grant institution with a three-fold mission of teaching, research and public service. Press.DURMAN, A. 1983. Metalurgija vucedolskog kulturnog kompleksa,Opuscula Archaeologica (Zagreb) 8: 1-87.FOLTINY, S. 1958. Velemszentvid, ein urzeitliches Kulturzentrum inMitteleuropa. Vienna: Osterreichischen Arbeitgemeinschaft fur Ur- undFruhgeschichte.FORENBAHER, S. In press. Trade and exchange in Late Bronze and EarlyIron Age Croatia, in B. Hansel han��sel?n. & v.Variant of handsel. (ed.), Handel, Tausch und Verkehr imbronze- und fruheisenzeitlichen Sudosteuropa. Berlin.HOMEN Z. 1988. Kalnik-Igrisce, Late Bronze Age Settlement, Arheoloskipregled (1987): 63-4.HORST, F. 1986. Die Jungbronzezeitliche Kannelurensteine desmitteleuropaischen Raums - Werkzeuge fur die Bronzeverarbeitung?Helvetia Archaeologica 17 (Heft 67): 82-91.MAJNARIC-PANDZIC, N. 1990. Ljevaonica broncanih predmeta ukasnobroncanodobnom naselju na Kalniku kod Krizevaca, Opusculaarchaeologica (Zagreb) 16:57-73.MISKE, K. 1908. Die prahistorische Ansiedelung Velem St. Vid. 1:Beschreibung der Raubbaufunde. Vienna.MULLER-KARPE, H. 1959. Beitrage zur Chronologie der Urnenfelderzeitnordlich und sudlich der Alpen. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.PITTIONI, R. 1954. Urgeschichte des osterreichischen Raumes. Vienna:Franz Deuticke.SIMEK, M. 1979. Sv. Petar Ludbreski - nalaz metalurske radionice,Podravski zbornik (1987): 106-119.SMRZ, Z. 1979. Eine Hohensiedlung der Knovizer Kultur auf dem SpicakBerg bei Mikulovice, Archeologicke Rozhledy 31: 27-53.SRDOC, D., N. HORVATINCIC, I. KRAJCAR BRONIC & B. OBELIC. 1992.Rudjer Bos kovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements XII, Radiocarbon 34:155-75.TYLECOTE, R. F. 1976. A History of Metallurgy. London: Society ofMetals.1980. Furnaces, crucibles, and slags, in T.A. Wertime & J.D.Muhley (ed.), The coming of the age of iron: 183-228. New Haven New Haven,city (1990 pop. 130,474), New Haven co., S Conn., a port of entry where the Quinnipiac and other small rivers enter Long Island Sound; inc. 1784. Firearms and ammunition, clocks and watches, tools, rubber and paper products, and textiles are among the many (CT):Yale University Yale University,at New Haven, Conn.; coeducational. Chartered as a collegiate school for men in 1701 largely as a result of the efforts of James Pierpont, it opened at Killingworth (now Clinton) in 1702, moved (1707) to Saybrook (now Old Saybrook), and in 1716 was Press.VENTRIS, M. & J. CHADWICK. 1956. Documents in Mycenean Greek.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.VINSKI-GASPARINI, K. 1973. Kultura polja sa zarama u sjevernojHrvatskoj. Zadar: Filozofski fakultet.1983. Kultura polja sa zarama sa svojim grupama, in A. Benac (ed.),Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja 4: 547-647. Sarajevo: Svjetlost &Akademija nauka i umijetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine.VRDOLJAK, S. 1990. Nalazi kalupa s lokaliteta Kalnik-Igrisce kaoprimjer metalurske djelatnosti kasnog broncanog doba u sjeverozapadnojHrvatskoj, Opuscula archaeologica (Zagreb) 16: 75-87.WELLS, P.S. 1984. Farms, villages and cities: commerce and urbanorigins in the Late Prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to . Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Cornell University,mainly at Ithaca, N.Y.; with land-grant, state, and private support; coeducational; chartered 1865, opened 1868. It was named for Ezra Cornell, who donated $500,000 and a tract of land. With the help of state senator Andrew D. Press.Snjezana Vrdoljak, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy,University of Zagreb, Ivana Lucica 3, 41000 Zagreb, Croatia. StasoForenbaher, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University,Dallas TX 75275-0336, USA.

Brother Bartholomew and the Apple Grove

Brother Bartholomew and the Apple Grove Brother Bartholomew Bar��thol��o��mew? , Saint Sometimes called Na��than��aelOne of the 12 Apostles. According to tradition, he visited India and Ethiopia and was martyred in Armenia. And The Apple Grove Jan Cheripko & Kestutis Kasparavicius Boyds Mills Press 815 Church St., Honesdale, PA 18431 www.boydsmillspress.com 1590780965 $15.95 1-877-512-8366 Kids ages 6 and older will relish this story of a monastery monasteryLocal community or residence of a religious order, particularly an order of monks. Christian monasteries originally developed in Egypt, where the monks first lived as isolated hermits and then began to coalesce in communal groups. whichmakes applesauce to make ends meet, helped by the careful attendance ofBrother Bartholomew to the apple grove. His aging is causing him to beforgetful and to not mend the fence which helps guard the apples, sowhen the younger Brother Wiki is aware of the following uses of "'Younger Brother": Younger Brother (music group) Younger Brother (Trinity House) - a title within the British organisation, Trinity House Stephen Stephen,1097?–1154, king of England (1135–54). The son of Stephen, count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of William I of England, he was brought up by his uncle, Henry I of England, who presented him with estates in England and France and enters the monastery and covets thetask, convinced he can do better, the elderly Brother faces a bigchallenge. Will God continue to provide, as he believes?

Brother[R] International Corporation. (Shop Talk).

Brother[R] International Corporation. (Shop Talk). The Backster[TM] Multi-Finisher from BROTHER[R] INTERNATIONALCORPORATION is ideal for finishing photos and artwork, as well as makingstickers and magnets. Designed to accept paper items up to 5 inches wideand up to banner length, the Backster requires no electricity to operateand utilizes a safe, no-heat technology when in operation. It alsoallows you to turn your photos and artwork into acid-free,re-positionable stickers or acid-free, permanent stickers. Other optionsallow you to cover items with double-side laminate laminate,n a thin slice of porcelain or plastic fabricated in a dental lab, which is cemented to the front of the teeth to cover gaps, whiten stained teeth, or reshape chipped or broken teeth. or to laminate oneside and apply an adhesive adhesive,substance capable of sticking to surfaces of other substances and bonding them to one another. The term adhesive cement is sometimes used in place of adhesive, especially when referring to a synthetic adhesive. or magnetic backing to the other. TheBackster enables you to finish your projects without goo, mess, fumes fumesodorous gases and other volatile materials; inhalation of irritating fumes causes coughing and, if sufficiently severe, irreversible pulmonary edema. orvapors. For information, call (877) 276-BROTHER or circle No. 398 on theArts & Activities Reader Service Card.

Brozezeitliche Depotfunde aus Transkarpatien.

Brozezeitliche Depotfunde aus Transkarpatien. JOSIP V. KOBAL'. Brozezeitliche Depotfunde aus Transkarpatien(Ukraine) (Prahistorische Bronzefunde 20:4). viii+236 pages, I figure, 4tables, 114 plates. 2000. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner; 3-515-07182-2hardback DM/SF170 & Sch1241. Dr KLASSEN has conducted a detailed assessment of early coppergoods in the western Baltic region For other uses, see Baltic (disambiguation).The Baltic region is an ambiguous term that refers to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea. . He bases the investigation on thegreat chemical and statistical search, by the Stuttgart team andcolleagues, for `clusters' of products and their sources. Hereviews the chronology of the `clusters' with attention toparticular districts and then to 113 sites and, where known, the detailsof context, before turning to assess the chronologies of types of tool.In the last part of the book, Dr KLASSEN broadens the enquiry toconsider processes of introduction and the social and functionalcontexts of early metal tools and of the stone imitations. Withattention to the wider continental context, he distinguishes threephases in the adoption of copper tools and smithing. There is asubstantial summary in Danish. Dr LIVERSAGE, who is critical of the methods of `the Stuttgartschool', has studied the results of chemical analyses (by P.Northover) of 651 samples from Denmark dating from the Early Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the to the pre-Roman Iron Age. Bronze `was big business in the BronzeAge', he concludes (p. 85), arguing that certain lodes of copperwere heavily exploited (and see the following title). He acknowledgesthat smelting can affect composition but considers that the consistencyof his results from such a large sample does indicate the mines. DrLIVERSAGE compares his Danish patterns with data from other parts ofEurope. Certain materials remain to be provenanced, including oneintroduced during the Iron Age. Dr PARE's book comprises 18 papers, opening with a long reviewof his own on `the transition to total bronze use' (quoting HughMcKerrel). Although copper had long been used in the east, Britain wasthe first country with `total use' -- and here the`transition' was very quick. Comparing the Middle East and otherparts of Europe, PARE Pa��r��, Ambroise 1517?-1590.French surgeon who made numerous improvements to operating methods, including the ligature of arteries rather than cauterization. suggests that this innovation owed to theavailability of tin and to widespread networks of exchange. He is inagreement with Dr LIVERSAGE that copper was supplied on a large scalebut goes on, in a move like Dr PRICE's argument for`ideology', to consider bronze as currency. He assesses linkagesacross Europe with the Aegean and the principle of diffusion from theMiddle East. The accompanying papers range from technical studies (twoon lead isotope data), to studies of technological organization (miningand distribution), and weights (three papers), discussions of symbolism(e.g., `ritual violence in ... hoards', Minoan inheritance, R.Harrison & A. Mederos and M. Diaz-Andreu & I. Montero mon��te��ro?n. pl. mon��te��rosA hunter's cap with side flaps.[Spanish, hunter, from monte, mountain, from Latin m onsymbolism of material culture in Spain), and a case study of the supplyof copper to Frattesina (M. Pearce). Dr KOBAL' has collated the evidence of Bronze Age hoards fromthe western Ukraine Western Ukraine may refer to: Generally, the territories in the West of Ukraine West Ukrainian National Republic West Ukraine, the Ukrainian part of Kresy , and compares them with hoards from neighbouringcountries. The body of his report is a detailed review of types ofartefact See artifact. , accompanied by a catalogue and illustrations.

Brunei Darussalam news.

Brunei Darussalam news. On Wednesday-Thursday 8-9 March 2006 a seminar was held at theInternational Convention Centre in Berakas on Relations between Brunei(Negara Brunei Darussalam from 1984) and the United Kingdom during thelast hundred years. Eighteen papers were presented. Guests at theseminar included Professor Dr. Haji Hassan A. Panawidan, Chancellor ofMindanao State University The Mindanao State University was created under Philippine Republic Act 1387 established at Marawi City on September 1, 1961. It is one of the state universities of the Philippines with the aim of providing education for the different strategic locations across the island , Marawi City The Islamic City of Marawi is a 3rd class city in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. It is the capital city of Lanao del Sur. Marawi City is bounded on the west by Marantao and Saguiaran, on the east by Bubong and Ditsaan Ramain, on the north by Kapai and Saguiran, and on (A. V. M. Horton). The South-East Asian Regional Branch of the International Councilon Archives (SARBICA) held its fifteenth General Conference and Seminaron Archives and Education and sixteenth Executive Board Meeting inNegara Brunei Darussalam on 9-11 May 2006 with the theme "Archiveand Education: Learning Society" (A. V. M. Horton). In June 2006 it was reported that Brooketon Colliery Brooketon Colliery was one of the coal mines in Brunei. It is no longer in production and has reverted to its natural state (i.e. overgrown with secondary forest). Coordinates: had beengazetted under the Antiquities and Treasure Trove TREASURE TROVE. Found treasure. 2. This name is given to such money or coin, gold, silver, plate, or bullion, which having been hidden or concealed in the earth or other private place, so long that its owner is unknown, has been discovered by accident. Act 1967 (assubsequently amended). The spot is to be converted into an "opensite" museum and there is a proposal to turn it into a touristcenter and heritage park. Since January 2006 the Museums Department hasgazetted sixteen sites under the Act, including several tombs ofsultans, the clock tower in the capital, and the "house of twelveroofs," i.e., the former British Residency building (A. V. M.Horton). A Novel-Writing Workshop was held at the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Malay for The Institute of Language and Literature) (abbreviated DBP) is the government body responsible for coordinating the use of the Malay language in Malaysia and Brunei. on 21-22 June 2006 attended by thirty enthusiasts (BBO BBO Board of Bar OverseersBBO Bridge Base OnlineBBO Beta-Barium BorateBBO Billion Barrels of OilBBO Best Bid OfferBBO Big Bang Observer (NASA)BBO Buy-Build-OperateBBO Bureau Beleidsbe?nvloeding Ontwikkelingssamenwerking Th.22.6.2006:h25.htm). The Year of the Turtle was launched in Negara Brunei Darussalam onFriday 21 April 2006 at Meragang Beach with the release of ten adultturtles and forty hatchlings. A National Committee on Management andConservation of Sea Turtles, formed in 2000, had devised an action planto strengthen the enforcement and control of the harvesting and sellingof turtle eggs locally. The project aimed at the maintenance ofbiodiversity and the protection of turtle nesting sites. Sea turtles areprotected under the Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies endangered species,any plant or animal species whose ability to survive and reproduce has been jeopardized by human activities. In 1999 the U.S. government, in accordance with the U.S. of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), to which the sultanate has beensignatory since 1990 (A. V. M. Horton).