Captain Burn and associates: British intelligence-gathering, trade, and litigation in Borneo and beyond during the early nineteenth century.

Captain Burn and associates: British intelligence-gathering, trade, and litigation in Borneo and beyond during the early nineteenth century. Introduction John Leyden's well-known "Sketch of Borneo" (Leyden1811) (1) included a large amount of information that had been suppliedto T. S. Raffles from Pontianak by "Mr. J. Burn." Thisinformation has been used by many historians of the region, but withoutpaying attention Noun 1. paying attention - paying particular notice (as to children or helpless people); "his attentiveness to her wishes"; "he spends without heed to the consequences"attentiveness, heed, regard to Burn. He was Captain Joseph Burn, a country traderfrom India. This paper traces Burn's experiences in the last tenyears or so of his life. It was the comment by Mary Somers Heidhues(1998: 277) that little is still known about Burn, and the fact thatmuch of the information in his letters has not been published, that ledto the present study. It may help to give better recognition to thosewhose adventurous lives are mostly difficult to follow in anydetail--the British country traders. Joseph Burn and the Invasion of Java John Leyden John Leyden (September 8, 1775 - August 28, 1811) was a British orientalist. BiographyLeyden was born at Denholm on the River Teviot, not far from Hawick. His father, a shepherd, had contrived to send him to Edinburgh University to study for the ministry. wrote his "Sketch of Borneo" while apassenger on the Lord Minto during the slow voyage of the Britishinvasion British InvasionMusical movement. In the mid 1960s the popularity of a number of British rock-and-roll (“beat”) groups spread rapidly to the U.S., beginning with the triumphant arrival of Liverpool's Beatles in New York in 1964 and continuing with the Rolling fleet between Malacca and Java. (2) Most of the recentinformation in the "Sketch" had been sent earlier in the yearto T. S. Raffles by "Mr. J. Burn," after "a residence ofseveral years" in Pontianak, West Borneo (Burn 1811). (3)Burn's letters were in response to correspondence from Raffles who,from his base in Malacca, was gathering intelligence about Borneo thatincluded details of piratical attacks The list of piratical attacks concerns all incidents of maritime piracy on land, sea, and air. 2002April 23: USNS Walter S. Diehl in the Straits of Hormuz. on British shipping but rangedmuch more widely. Leyden summarized some of Burn's descriptions ofWest Borneo, Pontianak as the most important trading port, and also thecustoms of the Dayak people The Dayak or Dyak (IPA: /ˈdaɪək/) are the peoples indigenous to Borneo.[3] It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic subgroups, located principally in the interior of . The "Sketch" does not seem tohave been merely an academic exercise. In October 1810, during a visitby Raffles to Calcutta, Leyden wrote to Olivia Raffles: "I havehowever settled with R. that the instant he is Governor of Java I am tobe his Secretary. That is the only chance you ever have of seeing me.The time fast approaches when I shall proceed to take possession ofBorneo & whenever I proceed, I am determined to succeed" (hisemphases) (Bastin 2002: 70). Whatever Leyden's plans were withrespect to Borneo, they were not to succeed: he died of fever soon afterthe British landed The British Land Company PLC (LSE:BLND) is one of the largest property development and investment companies in the United Kingdom. It converted to a Real Estate Investment Trust when REITs were introduced in the United Kingdom in January 2007. in Java (Wurtzburg 1954: 167-168; Bastin 2002: 83). Soon after writing to Raffles, Burn gave assistance in surveying aroute via the Karimata Islands The Karimata Islands are a chain of small islands off the west coast of Indonesian Borneo, the largest of which is (Pulau) Karimata, being about 20 km across (east-west), and situated at . off West Borneo for the planned assaulton Java. Because of the prevailing winds The prevailing winds are the trends in speed and direction of wind over a particular point on the earth's surface. A region's prevailing winds often show global patterns of movement in the earth's atmosphere. Prevailing winds are the causes of waves as they push the ocean. the only alternative was a muchlonger passage from Malacca around northern Borneo. The matter was notsettled in favor of the former route until May 1811, after the arrivalin Malacca of Lord Minto, Governor-General of India The Governor-General of India (fully Governor-General and Viceroy of India) was the head of the British administration in India, and later, after Indian independence, the representative of the British Monarch. , and his entourage(Boulger 1897: 101-103; Wurtzburg 1954: 122, 136, 141-142). Shortlybefore Minto's arrival, Raffles wrote to him: "I recommendyour employing the services of Capt. Burn, now residing at Pontiana. Youcan easily arrange to pay him and may leave him at Matan or Succadana tocomplete any points that have been commenced but unfinished by you, forwant of time." (Lady S. Raffles 1830: 40-41). Raffles reportedslightly later that Burn was helping Captain Greig, (often calledGreigh), who commanded the Lord Minto and had been sent from Malacca tomake the hurried survey. Leyden had recommended to Lord Minto that Greigbe put under Raffles's command (Boulger 1897: 98). He had made manyvoyages from India to the east as a country trader, including at [eastone visit to Pontianak, in October 1808 when Burn was probably livingthere (Prince of Wales Prince of Walesswitches places with his double, poor boy Tom Canty. [Am. Lit.: The Prince and the Pauper]See : Doubles Gazette (PG) 3/155:11 Feb 1809). Burn was to beleft to complete the survey after Greig returned to Malacca and wouldhelp pilot the invasion fleet: "Captain Burns [sic], who has longbeen a resident at Pontiana ... is understood to have once brought afleet without difficulty through the passage" (Raffles 1811 : 117).This other fleet remains unidentified, but Burn's knowledge andassistance certainly deserves recognition in view of the credit alwaysgiven to Captain Greig in establishing the feasibility of the passage.Captain David Macdonald For the British zoologist see David W. Macdonald. For the actor born as David MacDonald, see David Tennant.David Samuel Horne MacDonald, PC, BA, LLD, DD, (born August 20, 1936 in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island) is a United Church of Canada of the Bombay Marine, the naval arm of the EastIndia Company (EIC EIC Editor-In-ChiefEIC Euro Info Centre (DIN)EIC Earned Income CreditEIC Excellence in Cities (UK)EIC Enterprise Interaction Center (Interactive Intelligence)), visited Pontianak in HCC HCC Hepatocellular Carcinoma (liver cancer)HCC Hertfordshire County Council (administrative region of south eastern England UK)HCC Harford Community College (Maryland)(Honourable Company's"Cruizer") Ariel during his missions for Raffles before theinvasion and met Burn there. He did not give dates but it would havebeen late in 1810. Macdonald mentioned the Sultan of Pontianak'sstory about the orangutan orangutan(ōrăng`tăn), an ape, Pongo pygmaeus, found in swampy coastal forests of Borneo and Sumatra. which had captured a slave-girl and kept herfor 14 months, after which she escaped (Burn 1811: 114; Heidhues 1998:291). According to according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3. Macdonald, Sultan Kassim got "Captain Burns whoresided at Pontianak" to write it down and it was he (Macdonald)who took this account to Raffles (Macdonald c. 1840: 309). (4)Unfortunately, Macdonald said nothing more about Burn. Referring toGreig as "an experienced commander of a Malay trader,"Macdonald commented that he himself had "minutely examined thewhole coast" of West Borneo--perhaps an indication that he thoughtGreig had received too much credit (Macdonald c. 1840: 148, 163). Theinvasion fleet was eventually to amount to 25 vessels of the Royal Navy,eight of the Bombay Marine, 57 transports and several small gun-boats;about 100 vessels in all. Depending on uncertain land breezes land breezen.A breeze that blows from the land toward open water. and withmany squalls, including one in the Karimatas that caused severedifficulties, the voyage from Malacca to Java took about six weeks(Thorn 1815: 12-16; see also his Plate III). The mass of information sent by Burn must have strengthenedRaffles's resolve to establish British power in Borneo andincreased his interest in its history (Bastin 1954: 84-119). Rafflespresented Leyden's "Sketch" at a meeting of the Societyof Arts and Sciences, formerly the Bataviaasch Genootschap der Kunstenen Wetenschapen, in Batavia on 24 April 1813, after which it waspublished in the Society's Transactions. Over the past 150 years,many historians of West Borneo have cited the "Sketch" andused information that Burn had provided (e.g., Veth 1854-1856: manyreferences; also Heidhues 2003: 48-84). However, virtually no attentionhas been paid to Burn himself. Gibson-Hill tentatively identified JosephBurn, the British Resident in Kupang in 1813, as the same man(Gibson-Hill 1852: 18, footnote 11; Gibson-Hill 1955: 184). Thisconclusion came- from a journal kept by John Clunies Ross, who visitedTimor at the time, and mentioned "Mr Joseph Burn" (Gibson-Hill1952: 120-128). Unfortunately, Gibson-Hill did not say how he made theconnection with Mr. Burn of Pontianak. The only certain deduction thatcan be made about Burn's earlier life from his letters is that hehad spent time in Madras Madras.1 State and former province, India: see Tamil Nadu.2 City, India: see Chennai. : he mentioned Brahminy kites The Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus), also known as the Red-backed Sea-eagle, is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards and harriers. that he hadpreviously seen there (Burn 1811:117). He also compared the Dayaks ofWest Borneo with the Batak people of Sumatra and the inhabitants :This article is about the video game. For Inhabitants of housing, see Residency Inhabitants is an independently developed commercial puzzle game created by S+F Software. DetailsThe game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. of theAndaman Islands An��da��man Islands?A group of islands in the eastern part of the Bay of Bengal south of Myanmar (Burma). They are separated from the Malay Peninsula by the Andaman Sea, , which suggests that he may have visited those places(Burn 1811: 18, 124-125). Graham Irwin suggested (1955: 23) that"Raffles sent Mr. F. [sic] Burn to Pontianak early in 1811 as hispolitical and commercial agent," (5) but this is not in accord withthe evidence given above. Joseph Burn, David Dalrymple David Dalrymple can refer to the following people: Sir David Dalrymple, 1st Baronet (1665-1721) David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes (1726-1792), baronet and Lord Advocate and the General Wellesley "Mr Burn" was indeed Joseph Burn, who was included in theEIC's residency lists as a free mariner--not an EIC employee--basedat Bombay and then Fort St. George (Madras) from 1803 until 1810(East-India Register and Directory 1803-1810; List of Europeans in thedistricts subject to the Presidency of Fort St George Fort St George is the name of the first British fortress in India, founded in 1639[2] at the coastal city of Madras (modern city of Chennai.) The construction of the fort provided the impetus for further settlements and trading activity, in what was originally a 1804-1810;passim PASSIM - A simulation language based on Pascal.["PASSIM: A Discrete-Event Simulation Package for Pascal", D.H Uyeno et al, Simulation 35(6):183-190 (Dec 1980)]. ). He was listed in the East-India Register and Directory ascaptain of a country ship, the Fair Armenian, in 1805; however, thispublication was always at least a year out of date. The shipping news inthe weekly Madras Courier (MC) reported voyages of the Fair Armenian,commanded by Burn, to and from Calcutta between July and September 1803.There was a voyage to Pegu in Burma at the beginning of 1804, duringwhich the ship was repaired, and it was then sold in Madras (MC19/927:13 Jul 1803; 19/939:5 Oct 1803; 20/956:1 Feb 1804; 20/961:7 Mar1804). The Madras Courier did not report any voyages of a vessel underBurn's command for the remainder of 1804 or for most of 1805.During that time he became associated with Captain David Dalrymple, themanaging owner of the General Wellesley, another country ship that wasinvolved in trade with Burma and based at Madras. (MC 20/967:18 Apr1804; 21/1009:6 Feb 1805; 21/1022:8 May 1805; 21/1033:24 Jul 1805). (6)At the end of 1805 Burn commanded the General Wellesley in a voyage toRangoon, returning to Madras in February 1806 via Penang. Near theAndaman Islands he rescued survivors from the wreck of a Burmese vessel(MC 22/1056:1 Jan 1806; 22/1061:5 Feb 1806). Very soon afterwards, theMadras Courier carried an advertisement by the merchant house of Parry,Lane & Co. for freight for Penang and Malacca, to be shipped on theGeneral Wellesley, and the ship left Madras on 8 March. (MC 22/1062:12Feb 1806; PG 1/6:5 Apt 1806). Despite the residency records, Burn leftMadras for the last time on this voyage, along with Dalrymple. DouglasMurray Douglas Murray can refer to a number of people: Douglas Murray (actor and lawyer) a Canadian actor http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0614921/ and lawyerhttp://www.douglasmurray.com. Douglas Murray (politician), a Canadian politician. , also with previous Burmese trading connections, (7) was apassenger on the General Wellesley. He too owned some cargo and wasParry's provisional agent should anything happen to Burn (PG3/123:2 Jul 1808; 5/212:17 Mar 1810). By then the General Wellesley waslicensed as a privateer privateerPrivately owned vessel commissioned by a state at war to attack enemy ships, usually merchant vessels. All nations engaged in privateering from the earliest times until the 19th century. and the cargo was textiles, rice, iron andsteel. Burn was the commercial agent for Parry, Lane & Co, who ownedpart of the cargo and, with others, held mortgages over the ship. ThomasParry Thomas Parry may refer to more than one person: Sir Thomas Parry, Comptroller of the Household to Elizabeth I of England Sir Thomas Parry, English Ambassador to France under Elizabeth I and James I of England , the senior partner, was half-owner of another ship, the MarquisWellesley (sometimes called Marquess marquessor marquisEuropean title of nobility, ranking in modern times immediately below a duke and above a count or earl. The wife of a marquess is a marchioness or marquise. The term originally denoted a count holding a march, or mark (frontier district). Wellesley) with Captain John Grant,who had trading connections with Borneo and also invested in the GeneralWellesley (Hodgson 1938; passim). (8) The Marquis Wellesley was lost byfire off the Malabar coast Malabar Coast(măl`əbär), SW coast of India stretching c.525 mi (845 km) from Goa to the southern tip of the peninsula at Kanniyakumri (Cape Comorin), primarily in Kerala state and the northern part of Karnataka state. at the beginning of April, (PG 1/16:14 Jun1806) (9) causing Parry major financial problems. Thomas Parry was soon to regret his decision to invest in theGeneral Wellesley. Commanded by Dalrymple, the ship arrived in Penang atthe beginning of April 1806, (PG 1/6:5 Apr 1806) and then sailed viaMalacca for Pontianak. On the way it ran aground a��ground?adv. & adj.1. Onto or on a shore, reef, or the bottom of a body of water: a ship that ran aground; a ship aground offshore.2. on a shoal off theKarimata islands, but was refloated with very little damage (PG 1/35:25Oct 1806). At Pontianak Burn sold some of the cargo to SultanAbdulrahman. In September 1806 Parry received a letter from Burn whichsaid that that the sale was for gold dust and cash and that more cargohad been left there unsold (Hodgson 1938: 120). (10) The ship soon leftPontianak for Sulu, off East Borneo, now with Burn in command, (PG1/14:31 May 1806) but with Dalrymple still on board. At Sulu, twoBritish naval vessels, HMS Greyhound Sixteen different ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Greyhound, after the greyhound, a breed of dog notable for its speed. The first Greyhound was a 45-gun ship built in 1545, rebuilt 1558, and wrecked 1563. and Harrier harrier, breed of dogharrier,breed of medium-sized hound whose origin is obscure but whose existence in England dates from the 13th cent. It stands from 19 to 21 in. (48.3–53.3 cm) high at the shoulder and weighs from 40 to 50 lb (18.1–22. , encountered theGeneral Wellesley. At this time Britain and Spain were at war, and theGeneral Wellesley was thought to be an enemy vessel. In the chase thatfollowed Burn ran his ship ashore but refloated the next day. Burn hadearlier captured a large Spanish ship with naval stores naval stores,term initially applied to the cordage, mask, resin, tar, and timber used in building wooden sailing ships; it now designates the products obtained from the pine tree, e.g., pine oil, pitch, rosin, tar, and turpentine. that was goingfrom Manila to Batavia. These events were reported when HMS Greyhoundarrived at Penang on 19 August (PG 1/26:23 Aug 1806). (11) Little of thecargo was sold during a stay of two months at Sulu, so the GeneralWellesley returned to Pontianak, where more cargo was off-loaded. Burnleft the ship to dispose of To determine the fate of; to exercise the power of control over; to fix the condition, application, employment, etc. of; to direct or assign for a use.See also: Dispose the cargo, and remained in Pontianak. Hereceived a bond from the Sultan for 35,000 Spanish dollars The Spanish dollar (also known as the "piece of eight" or the eight real coin) is the silver coin, worth eight reales, that was minted in the Spanish Empire after a Spanish currency reform in 1497. that, as weshall see, was to cause many legal disputes (PG 5/212:17 Mar 1810). The General Wellesley returned to Penang in October 1806, commandedby Dalrymple (PG 1/35:25 Oct 1806). There he learned that the Britishcolony in New South Wales New South Wales,state (1991 pop. 5,164,549), 309,443 sq mi (801,457 sq km), SE Australia. It is bounded on the E by the Pacific Ocean. Sydney is the capital. The other principal urban centers are Newcastle, Wagga Wagga, Lismore, Wollongong, and Broken Hill. was short of grain, so he exchanged the Sultanof Pontianak's gold dust and cash for a cargo of rice, wheat andspirits, and departed for Australia. He arrived at Port Jackson Port Jacksonor Sydney Harbour,inlet of the Pacific Ocean, 22 sq mi (57 sq km), 12 mi (19 km) long and 1.5 mi (2.4 km) wide at its mouth, New South Wales, Australia, forming Australia's finest harbor. The Parramatta River forms its western arm. inFebruary 1807 and sold the cargo to the Government (Historical Recordsof Australia 1916: 128, 138, 192, 194). Parry did not learn of thisvoyage until March 1807, when he received a letter that Dalrymple hadsent before leaving Penang. Dalrymple said that he planned to be back inPenang in May or June with a cargo of timber, doubtless for theprojected naval dockyard A naval dockyard is a dockyard that primarily serves a navy. See alsoMilitary base Royal Navy Dockyards Naval Dockyard (Bombay) (Hodgson 1938: 120). Parry was, notsurprisingly, alarmed by these developments, especially as the ship nolonger had insurance cover. He also received news from Burn that theSultan of Pontianak had confiscated con��fis��cate?tr.v. con��fis��cat��ed, con��fis��cat��ing, con��fis��cates1. To seize (private property) for the public treasury.2. To seize by or as if by authority. See Synonyms at appropriate.adj. the unsold cargo and refused to payfor it (Hodgson 1938: 121-22). (12) Accordingly, Parry sent his nephewDavid Pugh to Penang, apparently to try to settle the affairs atPontianak. It is likely that Pugh would have met Burn, who returned toPenang via Malacca as a passenger on the Mary in August 1807 (PG:2/78:22 Aug 1807). (13) Pugh also reported to Parry that he had learnedof Dalrymple's arrival in Port Jackson, and left at the end of theyear to return to Madras (Hodgson 1938: 121-122). (14) Meanwhile at Port Jackson "D. Dalrymple & Co." soldin April 1807 a one-third share of the General Wellesley to anemancipist merchant, Simeon Lord Simeon Lord (1771 – 29 January 1840) was a pioneer merchant and a magistrate in Australia.Lord was the fourth child of Simeon and Ann Lord of Dobroyd, Yorkshire, England. , who was Parry's agent there andwas seeking to establish his own trading interests in the Pacific(Hainsworth 1981 : 69-71, 172). Dalrymple then embarked on an extendedvoyage that included Tahiti, New Zealand New Zealand(zē`lənd), island country (2005 est. pop. 4,035,000), 104,454 sq mi (270,534 sq km), in the S Pacific Ocean, over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) SE of Australia. The capital is Wellington; the largest city and leading port is Auckland. , Sulu and then back to Malaccaand Penang, where the General Wellesley arrived once more early in March1808 (PG 2/106:5 Mar 1808; reported in MC 24/1175 13 Apr 1808; see alsoHodgson 1938:122). (15) Dalrymple handed over the cargo of timber toGeorge Seton, Parry's agent, for sale. (16) He soon left Penangagain for Fiji, (17) where he planned to obtain a cargo of sandalwood sandalwood,name for several fragrant tropical woods, especially for Santalum album, an evergreen partially parasitic tree either native to India or introduced there centuries ago. for Canton, doubtless as part of his agreement with Simeon Lord. Parryhad advised that this was a sensible course of action and that Dalrympleshould not return to Bengal because of his heavy debts there (Hodgson1938: 123). However, Parry had still received no remittance from eitherthe transactions in Australia or Pontianak. According to Hodgson, Parryinterested the Royal Navy in his problems at Pontianak, and Rear-AdmiralDrury sent a squadron to put pressure on the Sultan (Hodgson 1938: 123).It is possible that one of Drury's ships visited Pontianak to showthe flag but a full-scale expedition at this time seems highly unlikelyin the absence of other evidence. (18) Early in 1808 Burn was again in Pontianak. When Sultan Abdulrahmanwas on his deathbed (said to be in February 1808) he sent for Burn andasked for forgiveness for swindling him over the sale of valuable cargo Cargo which may be of value during a later stage of the war. some time previously: presumably pre��sum��a��ble?adj.That can be presumed or taken for granted; reasonable as a supposition: presumable causes of the disaster. cargo from the General Wellesey (Leyden1811: 104). Burn then went back to Penang and suffered unpleasantconsequences from Dalrymple's brief reappearance Re`ap`pear´ancen. 1. A second or new appearance; the act or state of appearing again.Noun 1. reappearance - the event of something appearing again; "the reappearance of Halley's comet" . At the beginningof July 1808 the Prince of Wales Island Prince of Wales Island, CanadaPrince of Wales Island,c.12,800 sq mi (33,150 sq km), Nunavut Territory, Canada, between Victoria and Somerset islands. Government Gazette reported indetail a court action of "trover One of the old common-law Forms of Action; a legal remedy for conversion, or the wrongful appropriation of the plaintiff's Personal Property.Early in its history, the English Common Law recognized the rights of a person whose property was wrongfully held (or " (to recover the value ofproperty that had been illegally converted), brought against JosephBurn, "now resident at Prince of Wales Island." This civilcase was brought by Douglas Murray, the passenger on the voyage to Suluin 1806 (PG 3/123: 2 Jul 1808). On arrival at Sulu, Burn had refused tounload Murray's share of the cargo on the grounds that it was thecustom in Malay trade that the cargo belonging to the ship's owner(or owners) was sold first. This was to ensure that they obtained thehighest prices. Murray then transferred to another ship, possibly theSpanish Prize, and left his own 21 bales of textiles on board theGeneral Wellesley. When the latter ship returned to Penang in October1806 Dalrymple unloaded Murray's cargo, and put it in GeorgeSeton's warehouse "for the use of Burn." Seton offeredthe goods to Burn when he arrived in Penang from Pontianak in August1807 but Burn refused to take possession and unwisely directed Seton todispose of the cargo "to the order of Dalrymple." Afterreturning from the Pacific in March 1808, Dalrymple sold the cargo tothe Penang agency house of Carroll & Scott, who in turn auctionedit. Dalrymple had used the proceeds to refit the General Wellesley forhis second voyage to Australia and the Pacific. When charged,Burn's defense was threefold. First, he said that he personallynever had had possession of Murray's goods, not having signed thebill of lading A document signed by a carrier (a transporter of goods) or the carrier's representative and issued to a consignor (the shipper of goods) that evidences the receipt of goods for shipment to a specified designation and person. . Second, it was indeed the custom to sell theowner's goods first, which had not been possible. Last, it wasDalrymple who had sold the goods in Penang. The issue was thus whetherBurn was responsible for acts of his partner Dalrymple. The PenangRecorder, Sir Edmond Stanley, said that he could not expect theplaintiff to search for Dalrymple in the South Seas South Seas,name given by early explorers to the whole of the Pacific Ocean. In recent times the name has been used to mean only the central Pacific, the S Pacific, and the SW Pacific. , and found Burnguilty. Burn was fined 5474 Spanish dollars with costs, and with noallowance for depreciation of Murray's cargo, nor for freightcharges. Stanley said that it was up to Burn to seek redress fromDalrymple (PG 3/123:2 Jul 1808). (19) Stanley had arrived in Penang latein May 1808, (PG 3/119 "Extraordinary": 31 May 1808) (20) andthe trial helped highlight his mission to improve the previouslyuncertain judicial system. It would have been the trial referred to byOlivia Raffles in her letter to John Leyden (3 August 1808) in which shesaid "a cause of some consequence has been tried and gain'dfor the plaintiff to the satisfaction of all" (Wurtzburg 1954:64-65). "All" were presumably the British officials, who tooka dim view of country traders and their unregulated activities. SirEdmond Stanley certainly set out to teach the locals a lesson. Inpassing judgment, he emphasized that he "wished (as far as hishumble talents would allow him) that the British Law should be fullyexplained and well understood by the Inhabitants of this Island,whenever cases occurred which required an explanation of it." Thiswas doubtless why his judgment was reported at great length (PG: 3/123:2Jul 1808). Burn was imprisoned im��pris��on?tr.v. im��pris��oned, im��pris��on��ing, im��pris��onsTo put in or as if in prison; confine.[Middle English emprisonen, from Old French emprisoner : en- in Penang for the debt but was releasedwhen, at Murray's suggestion, Burn handed over to him the Sultan ofPontianak's bond along with Burn's own bond for his personalcargo in Pontianak as security (PG: 5/212:17 Mar 1810). Although nofurther details of events at this time are given in the Prince of WalesIsland Gazette, Burn must have soon returned to Pontianak to seekpayment for the cargo, this time from Sultan Kassim. Burn was not able to obtain legal redress from Dalrymple, who didnot survive his second journey to the South Seas. He died late in 1808between Fiji and New South Wales in a brig that he had chartered toobtain fresh crew and supplies for the General Wellesley, which hadbecome embroiled em��broil?tr.v. em��broiled, em��broil��ing, em��broils1. To involve in argument, contention, or hostile actions: "Avoid . . . in the local conflicts in Fiji. The Chief Officer hadalso died, so the supercargo SUPERCARGO, mar. law. A person specially employed by the owner of a cargo to take charge of the merchandise which has been shipped, to sell it to the best advantage, and to purchase returning cargoes and to receive freight, as he may be authorized. 2. , William Scott William Scott may refer to: William Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland, English eccentric William Scott, Lord Stowell (1745–1836), English lawyer William L. Scott, U.S. senator from Virginia W. Kerr Scott, a U.S. from Penang, took command inassociation with traders from New South Wales who included the famousJohn Macarthur John MacArthur may refer to one of the following people: John Macarthur (wool pioneer) (1766–1834), Australian wool industry pioneer John D. MacArthur (1897–1978), American philanthropist John F. , and in December 1808 took the General Wellesley fromFiji to Canton with a cargo of sandalwood. Simeon Lord attempted toassert his rights as part owner (Law) one of several owners or tenants in common. See Joint tenant, under Joint.See also: Part against these business rivals in the NewSouth Wales courts, but without success (Hainsworth 1981: 173-174; seealso Lockerby 1925, passim). Back in Penang, Douglas Murray was still actively pursuing hisclaims that had arisen during the voyage to Pontianak in 1806. (21) WhenWilliam Scott and the General Wellesley arrived in Penang from China inDecember 1809 this ship "against which ... so many claims have beenmade ... was sequestered se��ques��ter?v. se��ques��tered, se��ques��ter��ing, se��ques��tersv.tr.1. To cause to withdraw into seclusion.2. To remove or set apart; segregate. See Synonyms at isolate.3. at the suit of Mr D. Murray" (PG 4/199:23Dec 1809). (22) Mr. John Hewitt John Hewitt is the name of: John Harold Hewitt, poet from Northern Ireland John Hewitt (tax preparation entrepreneur) John Hewitt (herpetologist) John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt, linguist John Hewitt (footballer) , Registrar of the Penang Court ofJudicature A term used to describe the judicial branch of government; the judiciary; or those connected with the court system.Judicature refers to those officers who administer justice and keep the peace. It signifies a tribunal or court of justice. , made a successful application to the Court to administerDalrymple's estate and effects (PG 4/200:30 Dec 1809), butDalrymple's many creditors were soon dissatisfied with the way inwhich Hewitt was handling the estate. In February 1810 the Court orderedthat the General Wellesley and her stores should be sold, the proceedsbe paid into the Penang Treasury, that Hewitt should sort out the assetsand debts and report to the Court, and that the creditors should appearbefore Hewitt to "prove their respective demands" (PG:4/207:17 Feb 1810 and several subsequent issues). The creditors promptlytook court action against Hewitt (PG 4/209:24 Feb 1810 and subsequentissues). The list of creditors is a complicated one. The first name wasThomas de Souza De Souza or D'Souza is a common Portuguese family name. Although it is still quite common outside Portugal -- especially in Brazil and India --, Souza is the old spelling of present-day Sousa. (a Bombay merchant), as executor executorn. the person appointed to administer the estate of a person who has died leaving a will which nominates that person. Unless there is a valid objection, the judge will appoint the person named in the will to be executor. of John Grant, who haddied in Bombay soon after the Marquis Wellesley burned (Hodgson 1938:115). The other creditors were listed as Alexander Colvin (a Calcuttamerchant and associate of Parry) and others, trustees for the creditorsof Harvey, Weatherall and Co. (shipwrights of Calcutta), ArratoonAredist on behalf of themselves and other creditors, Soliman, a serang Se`rang´n. 1. The boatswain of a Lascar or East Ondian crew. (bosun), and John Thomas :In the United Kingdom, John Thomas is sometimes used as a euphemism for the penis.John Thomas is the name of: A politician: (mariner), on behalf of themselves and theship's company Noun 1. ship's company - crew of a ship including the officers; the whole force or personnel of a shipcompanyfull complement, complement - number needed to make up a whole force; "a full complement of workers" of the General Wellesley, Douglas Murray, JosephBurn, Thomas Parry, David Pugh, and others. (23) The creditors (or theirlegal representatives) then fell out among themselves and there was anunpleasant shock for Douglas Murray, who was sued by Parry, Lane &Co. on the same grounds that Murray had sued Joseph Burn. The Madrastrading house sought to recover the bond originally given to their agentBurn by the Sultan of Pontianak and which had passed into Murray'shands, as acknowledged (by letter) by Burn. The Recorder'sjudgement was consistent with that passed on Burn in June 1808. He ruledthat the plaintiffs indeed had the right to recover the bond and gave aninjunction against Murray from trying to use it to obtain money.However, this injunction was made without prejudice Without any loss or waiver of rights or privileges.When a lawsuit is dismissed, the court may enter a judgment against the plaintiff with or without prejudice. When a lawsuit is dismissed without prejudice to any attempt byMurray to get recompense RECOMPENSE. A reward for services; remuneration for goods or other property. 2. In maritime law there is a distinction between recompense and restitution. (q.v. from the hapless Burn or indeed from Parry,which certain letters said to be in Murray's possession might allow(PG 5/212:17 Mar 1810). Interest in the General Wellesley had beenmaintained in Madras, and the Courier soon reported Murray's trial(MC 26/1279:10 Apr 1810). This was not the end of this extraordinary series of legalwrangles. Reading between the lines Between the lines can refer to: The subtext of a letter, fictional work, conversation or other piece of communication Between The Lines (TV series), an early 1990s BBC television programme. of the reports in the Gazette, it isclear that John Hewitt was still trying to retain the General Wellesleyand Dalrymple's other assets other assetsAssets of relatively small value. For financial reporting purposes, firms frequently combine small assets into a single category rather than listing each item separately. . In April and May 1810 the Gazettecarried advertisements for the sale by auction of the General Wellesley,lying off Carnegy & Co's wharf, and the spars brought back inMarch 1808, which were still unsold at the premises of the late JamesScott James Scott is the name of several people: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (1649–1685), noble recognized by some as James II of England. James Scott (MP) (1671–1732), Scots MP James Scott (musician) (1885–1938), African-American ragtime composer. at that time (PG 5/215-219:7 Apr-5 May 1810). The sale wassuddenly postponed "by order of the Court" (PG 5/220:12 May1810) but proceeded, though it was not reported. In September 1810 thecreditors sued Hewitt in 12 separate suits to recover the proceeds ofthe sale of the ship. There were two complications. One was that soonbefore the case was settled, Hewitt, "late Registrar," haddeparted for Europe, apparently in a hurry (PG 5/236:1 Sept 1810). (24)The other was that Simeon Lord had also made a claim in New South Wales.However, Sir Edmond Stanley ruled that as the first mortgagee mortgageen. the person or business making a loan that is secured by the real property of the person (mortgagor) who owes him/her/it money. (See: mortgage, mortgagor) MORTGAGEE, estates, contracts. He to whom a mortgage is made. had beenthe deceased John Grant, Thomas de Souza as his executor had firstclaim, and that the other creditors could obtain future assets whenrealized. He also ruled that an apparent irregularity A defect, failure, or mistake in a legal proceeding or lawsuit; a departure from a prescribed rule or regulation.An irregularity is not an unlawful act, however, in certain instances, it is sufficiently serious to render a lawsuit invalid. over theregistration of the ship was not an issue (PG 5/241:6 Oct 1810). (25)Sadly, there was no indication as to what happened to Murray, nor thatJoseph Burn received any payment. In June 1810 there was a report from Malacca that mentioned"the death of Captain Joseph Burn to the eastward" (PG:6/226:23 Jun 1810). This was corrected the following week: Burn, said tohave died at Pontianak, was "in perfect health" (PG: 6/227:30Jun 1810). This information probably came from Captain Tait, thecommander of the country vessel Thainstone, which had arrived in Penangthat week from the eastward, including Pontianak. The Thainstone'svoyage had included an attack by pirates at Muntok on Bangka thatresulted in the death of the ten crew-members of his ship'slongboat (PG 6/227:30 Jun 1810; Lady S. Raffles 1830: 79). During the events described above, Raffles was mainly in Penang,with short visits to Malacca in 1807 and 1808. Given the very small sizeof the European population in Penang, Raffles must have known Burn. Hewould have been involved in the court case in 1808 as Registrar andapproved publication of the details in his capacity as Licenser of thePress (Wurtzburg 1954: 64-65). The later events that revealed that itwas Dalrymple who was the real rogue in the General Wellesley sagaprobably changed Raffles's opinion of Joseph Burn, and led him notonly to recommend Burn to Lord Minto but himself to use Burn'sservices. Burn's Letters Revisited Burn's two letters to Raffles are about 150 pages ofmanuscript and contain much information beyond that given by Leyden. Atthe beginning of the first letter (12 February 1811) Burn said that hehad received Raffles's letter, delivered by Captain Lambert. He hadforwarded to Sambas in the Sultan of Pontianak's prahu pra��hu?n.Variant of proa. a letterfrom Raffles that requested the hand-over of the pirates who hadcaptured the brig Malacca in June 1810 (Burn 1811 : 1). At that timethere had been a large increase in piracy in the region and the Malaccahad been cut off at Bangka and its captain, Hercules Ross Hercules Ross (1745 – December 25 1816), was a Scottish merchant, who made a fortune in Jamaica, became an intimate friend of Horatio Nelson and figured prominently, if briefly, in the campaign for the abolition of the slave trade. , killed.Raffles's special interest in the Malacca may have been due to hisfriendship with Alexander Hare, who was then trading out of Malacca andhad owned the vessel. The pirate chiefs were named in the Prince ofWales Island Gazette as "Inchee Rassib, Majee, Booang andDaood," all of whom lived on Bangka (PG 6/224:9 Jun 1810; 6/230:21Jul 1810). They appear frequently in later reports of piracy in theregion. The Sultan of Sambas refused to hand over the pirates but Burnbelieved that he had received most of the cargo of the Malacca thatincluded tin, and was worth 15,000 Spanish dollars. The Sultan'sletter to Raffles still exists (Raffles Collection: MSS MSS - maximum segment size Eur D742/1;translated by Ahmat bin Adam 1971: 28-29). Burn also reported thatanother British vessel, the Commerce, that had been dismasted and haddrifted ashore near Sambas, had been burned by the Rajah of Sarawak, arelative of the Sultan of Sambas (Burn 1811 : 5). This information wasalso given in an extant letter to Raffles from the Sultan of Pontianak(Ahmat bin Adam 1971: 20-23). The rest of Burn's first letter(about 25 pages) included descriptions of the Dayaks and their customs,and a brief account of Sanggau on the River Kapuas and its relationswith Pontianak. Burn also mentioned the fate of the ruling house of theformer sultanate of Sukadana, that had been overthrown and destroyed in1786 by forces from Pontianak, with Dutch naval support. Burn had seenthe "Rajah" of Matan--ruler of the residue of the sultanate ofSukadana--on a Dutch vessel at the end of 1810; he stayed in Pontianakfor 15 days and was heavily under the influence of opium opium,substance derived by collecting and drying the milky juice in the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Opium varies in color from yellow to dark brown and has a characteristic odor and a bitter taste. . Burn mentionedthe fabled "diamond" of 367 carats that was owned by theruling house of Sukadana, and the letter included a sketch of thisimpressive stone by Sultan Kassim of Pontianak. It had once been seen bythe Sultan in company with W. M. Stuart, then Dutch Resident atPontianak, who had been sent by the Governor-General in Batavia to buyit in exchange for gifts that included 150,000 Spanish dollars and twoarmed brigs. This extraordinary offer was refused because of the healingproperties of water in which the "diamond" had been placed. MrStuart thought that the stone was a diamond "of the firstwater" (Burn 1811 : 20-27). (26) The letters from the Sultans andthat from Burn were taken to Raffles in Malacca by Captain Tait. Burn's second letter (12 March 1811), that he entrusted to anArab trader bound for Malacca, started with a warning to Raffles that afew days previously the notorious Pangeran Anom, half-brother of theSultan of Sambas, had come out of Sambas River with two small ships. Oneof the pirate chiefs who had attacked the Malacca, and now called"Assang Rasib," was on the smaller ship and the ships wereopenly challenging not only Chinese junks but also English vessels (Burn1811: 36-37). They were clearly much more of a threat than the largeprahus that were the standard pirate vessels. The information was alsoprovided in another letter from the Sultan of Pontianak, who asked forassistance from Raffles (Ahmat bin Adam 1971 : 24-25). Burn's second letter included a lengthy account (60 pages) ofthe history of Pontianak. Some of this material was included inLeyden's "Sketch" and, along with other contemporarysource material, by Heidhues in her valuable description of the originsof the sultanate of Pontianak at the end of the eighteenth century(Heidhues 1998). Burn said that the site of Sukadana was occupied by oneBugis merchant "of any consequence" and by "outcasts The Outcasts are a fictional criminal organization from the Digital Anvil/Microsoft game Freelancer.Based on the planet Malta, the Outcasts are the descendants of colonists from the sleeper ship Hispania. andLanuns"--i.e., pirates. Pontianak had also conquered Mempawah tothe north, but some authority (at least over coastal and near-inlandareas) was subsequently restored to the original ruling family. BeyondMempawah lay the sultanate of Sambas This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling.You can assist by [ editing it] now. , which had strong politicalaspirations in the region. Burn described in detail the origin of thewarfare between Pontianak and Sambas at the beginning of the nineteenthcentury. This was said to have arisen from a dispute between the rulersof Sambas and Mempawah over control of the gold-mining areas ofMonterado and Selekau, where Chinese settlers were gaining increasingautonomy. Forces from Mempawah had attacked and burned Selekau, and theSultan of Sambas demanded financial restitution. The Sultan of Pontianakwas called in to resolve the dispute, but he was unsuccessful and Sambasattacked Mempawah. Mempawah applied to Pontianak for funds to buy offSambas. These were provided and the forces from Sambas withdrew.Mempawah then refused to repay the loan from Pontianak, which in turnbesieged be��siege?tr.v. be��sieged, be��sieg��ing, be��sieg��es1. To surround with hostile forces.2. To crowd around; hem in.3. Mempawah. To the astonishment of Pontianak (according to Burn),Sambas then sent assistance to Mempawah and the forces from Pontianakeventually withdrew (Burn 1811: 49-55). There followed ongoing warfarebetween Pontianak and Sambas on land and water, in which the Britishwere later to become involved. Burn described the controversial succession of the second Sultan tothe throne of Pontianak, and his character. The dying Sultan Abdulrahmantold Burn to beware of the then Panambahan Kassim of Mempawah, hiseldest son, who was a man of bad character and might kill him. TheSultan and his chief followers followerssee dairy herd. wanted the second son to become Sultanbut the latter refused. Kassim was accepted as Sultan after promising tomend his ways, which he did, as recorded by Burn (Burn 1811: 57-60; seealso Leyden 181 l: 104; Heidhues 1998). According to Burn, trade atPontianak had declined after the accession of Kassim. He outlined themain exports from Pontianak (gold, wax and birds' nests) and theimports from English ships, especially opium. After this commercialintelligence Burn related some anecdotes: the dispute when the SultanAbdulrahman learned about an approach to one of the Dutch by a palaceconcubine CONCUBINE. A woman who cohabits with a man as his wife, without being married. , the torture of four runaway slave girls and SultanKassim's handling of an affair between a Bugis and one ofAbdulrahman's widows (see also Heidhues 1998). After the salacious sa��la��cious?adj.1. Appealing to or stimulating sexual desire; lascivious.2. Lustful; bawdy.[From Latin sal details Burn provided a lengthy account (nearly50 pages) entitled "The Settlements above Pontiana." Thisexpanded on his brief descriptions in the first letter. Leyden veryquickly passed over this material, which is summarized in Table 1. Thetimes of travel by water look very reasonable for slow-moving cargovessels, except possibly for the six days between Belitang and Sintang,which are only about 50 km. apart by water. The settlements were allgoverned by "Malay" rulers who differed in status and hencetheir dependence on the more important polities such as Pontianak andSintang. Burn described Sanggau, said to be 230-250 miles (and 10 daystravel) up the Kapuas from Pontianak, in such detail that he hadprobably visited the place. There were the remains of a small"square built fort of brick," which the Malay inhabitants saidwas built 140-150 years ago by the Portuguese who--again according toBurn's informants--had been there for many years (Burn 1811: 4-16).There is no record of the Portuguese ever having had a settlement atSanggau, though there was at least one Portuguese penetration into thelower Kapuas in the mid sixteenth century (Smith 2000, 2001). Thestructure is likely to be the remains of a much earlier Hindu-Buddhistbuilding. Sanggau produced the best gold dust in West Borneo and alsodiamonds. "All the fruits of India" were grown there (Burn1811:4-16, 108-119). Judging by the content of his letters, Burn himselfdid not travel far up the River Kapuas, and almost certainly not beyondSanggau. He obtained information about the farther settlements from Arabtraders. One was named as Sheik Omar, who had traveled very widely inBorneo and had "a settlement of his own near Sango" (Burn1811: 14). There was also Sayid Abdullah, who knew about the remotePunan country and had purchased a female Punan slave who could notunderstand the local Dayak language. The Punan were said to resemble theBatak people of Sumatra and those of the Andaman Islands, except thattheir skin was much fairer. Beyond Sintang were the"Mintooree" (Mendawai?) Dayaks, who had long earlobes andtattoos (Burn 1811: 124-135). Burn also described Landak (not included in Table 1). It lay aboutsix days' journey up a branch of the river above Pontianak and was"a remarkably sickly place" where "jungle fever jun��gle fevern.See malaria. " waseasily caught, but had a lot of gold. The Chinese made many attempts toget access to the gold but without success because the ruler of Landak("Rajah": Burn) had seen the increasing Chinese strength atMonterado and Selakau, formerly controlled by the Sultan of Sambas, whohad permitted the Chinese to mine gold. Landak fought against Sambaswith the aid of Pontianak, but Sultan Kassim told Burn that he did nottrust the Landak people (Burn 1811:139-146; Heidhues 1998). Finally,Burn returned to relations between Pontianak and the Dutch when thelatter held control, and in particular their imposition of taxes (Burn1811: 146-151 ; Heidhues 1998). The commercial intelligence that Burn provided is still useful forcomparison with later information obtained by the Dutch when theirofficials first traveled up the Kapuas in the 1820s, and by othernineteenth century travelers, including American missionaries (Anon.1840). (27) Burn's information also helps chart the spread of theChinese up the Kapuas as gold and diamond mining developed (see Jackson1997; Heidhues 2003), and gives a background to the instability andconflict among the polities in the inland areas of West Borneo in thefirst half of the nineteenth century (Veth 1854-1856, passim; Wadley2000, 2001). Burn's description of Sanggau included a description ofwildlife. The animals included deer, hogs, rhinoceroses, "smalltyger cats," civet civet(sĭv`ət)or civet cat,any of a large group of mostly nocturnal mammals of the Old World family Viverridae (civet family), which also includes the mongoose. cats, porcupines Noun 1. porcupines - meat patties rolled in rice and simmered in a tomato sauceporcupine ballmeatball - ground meat formed into a ball and fried or simmered in broth (one of which was in the habitof entering his room in search of food and pestering him), monkeys,orangutans etc. He also mentioned a range of birds, including theBrahminy kites--the famous Dayak omen-bird--that he had also frequentlyseen at Madras. Burn was also impressed by birds identifiable ashornbills; they have a "remarkably large red bill" and make"a most uncommon loud hollow short noise, or in short notes butresembling the mewing [or "mooing": word nearly illegible il��leg��i��ble?adj.Not legible or decipherable.il��legi��bil ] ofa conch conch(kŏngk, kŏnch, kôngk), common name for certain marine gastropod mollusks having a heavy, spiral shell, the whorls of which overlap each other. shell." He described the nesting habits of hornbills insidetree hollows A tree hollow is a semi-enclosed cavity which has naturally formed in the trunk or branch of a tree. These are predominantly found in old trees, whether living or not. Hollows form in many species of trees, and are a prominent feature of natural forests and woodlands, and act as a (Burn 1811:115-118). It may be that Burn was an earlybird-watcher or, perhaps more likely, that Raffles had requested suchinformation. The later report to Raffles by John Hunt, who wasRaffles's Resident in Pontianak for a short time in 1813, alsocontains information about wildlife, which was one of Raffles'smany interests. (28) Apart from seeking recompense from Sultan Kassim, and possiblyshelter from further legal action, how Burn spent his time in Pontianakis not known. Gibson-Hill suggested that he may have been an employee orbusiness associate of Alexander Hare, because of Burn's interest inthe fate of the Malacca (Gibson-Hill 1952:18, footnote 11; Gibson-Hill1955). Gibson-Hill also suggested that it was Hare who put Raffles intouch with Burn (Gibson-Hill 1952: 21). However, there is no evidence ofan association between Burn and Hare at this time. Alternatively, Burnmay have been a commercial agent for other British traders or indeedhave commanded one of the vessels that belonged to Sultan Kassim. In1811 these included two well-armed small ships and two or three brigs,said to be for protection against his neighbors (Java Government Gazette(JG) 1/36:31 Oct 1812; Hunt 1812: 26), but doubtless also used for tradeand smuggling smuggling,illegal transport across state or national boundaries of goods or persons liable to customs or to prohibition. Smuggling has been carried on in nearly all nations and has occasionally been adopted as an instrument of national policy, as by Great Britain . Leyden's comment that Sultan Kassim was Burn's"principal associate" suggests that he was employed directlyby the Sultan (Leyden 1811: 101). He must have been on a local vessel inMay 1811 if he continued to survey the Karimata area after Greigreturned to Malacca. Joseph Burn and the Olivia Whether Burn helped pilot the invasion fleet has not beenestablished but he must have left Pontianak by mid-1812. Alexander Harehad arrived in Batavia from Malacca during or soon after the invasion.In November 1811 he accompanied Captain Richard Phillips Richard Phillips may refer to the pen name of Philip K. Dick (1928–1982) Richard Phillips (chemist) (1778–1851), British chemist Richard Phillips (artist) (born 1963), artist from the United States of America on a missionfor Raffles to Palembang and in April 1812 he was appointed BritishResident at Banjarmasin in Borneo (Gibson-Hill 1952: 25-26). Hare wasthe owner of a brig, the Olivia (presumably named after Olivia Raffles),which arrived in Batavia as part of the British expeditionary ex��pe��di��tion��ar��y?adj.1. Relating to or constituting an expedition.2. Sent on or designed for military operations abroad: the French expeditionary force in Indochina.Adj. 1. fleet. Thecargo included opium, which was transferred to the EIC warehouse byCaptain Ramsay, possibly the commander (Java Factory Records 1812:Return of opium received into HC Warehouse, Batavia). (29) The Javagovernment chartered the Olivia (if they had not already done so) for anindefinite time. In mid-March 1812, listed as a transport brig fromMalacca, the Olivia was at Batavia ready to sail to an unspecifieddestination; the commander was not named (Gibson-Hill 1952: 129,footnote 24, quoting J.C. Ross; JG: 1/3:14 Mar 1812). Commanded by Joseph Burn, the Olivia was involved in the aftermathof the stranding of the Coromandel Cor`o`man´deln. 1. (Geol.) The west coast, or a portion of the west coast, of the Bay of Bengal.Coromandel gooseberrySee Carambola.Coromandel woodCalamander wood. , en route to Java, in the Karimataislands in August 1812. This incident was to have serious repercussions repercussionsnpl → r��percussions fplrepercussionsnpl → Auswirkungen plfor Sambas (Smith 2002). The stranding was discovered by the countryship Helen, which had taken stores to Muntok (renamed Minto after itsoccupation by the British in May 1812) and was sailing to Batavia by thenorthern passage found Borneo, a route that passed the Karimatas.Pangeran Anom's flotilla from Sambas was by then plundering theCoromandel, and he had persuaded some of the crew of lascars to joinhim. Outgunned, the Helen returned to Minto to spread the news.Meanwhile, the Olivia, commanded by "Captain Burns," andanother small vessel, the Maria, that had sailed in company with theHelen, arrived off the mouth of the River Kapuas (JG: 1/27:29 Aug 1812;1/35:24 Oct 1812; 1/36:31 Oct 1812). (30) On 7 September they picked upthe officers, passengers and crew from the Coromandel who had takenrefuge in Pontianak, and set off for Java. The Maria and Olivia soonencountered one of Pangeran Anom's ships, so they returned toPontianak to inform Sultan Kassim of its presence. The Maria and Oliviaset off again, this time for Minto, and not far from the KarimataIslands they met HCC Aurora, commanded by Captain David Macdonald. Hehad sailed from Bangka to investigate and decided to pursue PangeranAnom to Sambas. "Captain Burns of the Olivia tendered his servicesto proceed to Pontiano for pilots who were acquainted with the SambasRiver, where it was probable the Pirate had gone." He returned fromPontianak two days later (JG: 1/36:31 Oct 1812). "CaptainBurns" was Joseph Burn, surely the same man who had lived atPontianak, now certainly associated with Hare and hence the EIC andmaking use of his local knowledge. (31) The Aurora, accompanied by theOlivia and Maria, pursued Pangeran Anom to the mouth of the SambasRiver. However, the ship escaped over the shallow bar into the river (JG1/36:31 Oct 1812). The British vessels involved in these encounters dispersed todestinations that are, with one exception, easily traced. The Auroraproceeded via Bangka and Malacca to Penang (PG 7/347:24 Oct 1812), asdid the Maria (PG 7/351:21 Nov 1812). The Helen sailed from Bangka toBatavia and then Semarang (JG 1/136:31 Oct 1812; 1/38:14 Nov 1812). TheThainstone appeared at Pontianak and Mr. De Letang (or Deletang), apassenger from the Coromandel, transferred from the Olivia and was takento Semarang and then Batavia (JG 1/138:14 Nov 1812). Missing entirelyfrom these shipping movements is, unfortunately, the Olivia. Still onboard were said to be nine "Gualas or Milkmen," who had beenon the Coromandel. They were keenly awaited in Java in order to instructthe local people in managing a dairy and making ghee ghee:see butter. , which was much indemand by the sepoys stationed there (JG 1/36:31 Oct 1812). However, theJava Government Gazette did not report the arrival of the Olivia at anyof the ports in Java that were regularly covered in its "ShippingIntelligence"; these were Batavia, Subaraya and Semarang. The fate of the milkmen remains undiscovered, but at some timeduring the next six months Burn and the Olivia proceeded eastwards east��ward?adv. & adj.Toward, to, or in the east.n.An eastward direction, point, or region.east ,bound for Timor. Burn had reached the climax of his career, having beenappointed Resident at Kupang, and his arrival had been expected for sometime. Early in May 1812 Richard Phillips, who was then BritishCommissioner in Macassar, wrote to Raffles saying that he had sentLieut. Knibbe of the Amboynese Corps in the Minto to take charge inTimor, "provisionally until the arrival of Mr Burns" (JavaFactory Records (Java) 17: Council Meeting, 4 Oct 1812). (32) Knibbearrived there in March and reported to Phillips that Captain Thurston ofHMS HMSabbr.Her (or His) Majesty's ShipHMS(Brit) abbr (= His (or Her) Majesty's Ship) → Namensteil von Schiffen der Kriegsmarine Hesper had taken possession in January and had stripped the place ofcash (Java 17: Council Meeting, 4 Oct 1812). (33) On 27 July Phillipsinformed Raffles that "as Mr Burns has not yet arrived--despairingnow of seeing him and being obliged o��blige?v. o��bliged, o��blig��ing, o��blig��esv.tr.1. To constrain by physical, legal, social, or moral means.2. to send some ammunition to Timor, Ihave dispatched the Honorable Company's cruizer Nautilus nautilus, in zoologynautilus,cephalopod mollusk belonging to the sole surviving genus (Nautilus) of a subclass that flourished 200 million years ago, known as the nautiloids. to thatPort." Lieutenant Watson of the Bengal Volunteers Bengal Volunteers was an underground revolutionary group against the British rule of India.The group was functional from its inception in 1928 to the Indian independence. The beginning was to replaceLieut. Knibbe, and as Watson had "a competent knowledge ofMalay" and "it being uncertain whether Mr Burns would everarrive I have thought myself fortunate in being able to send him"(Java 17: Council Meeting, 4 Oct 1812). These letters do not fitcomfortably with Gibson-Hill's statements that in 1812 the Oliviawas apparently stationed at Macassar (Gibson-Hill 1952: 18, footnote 11;123: footnote 9; no citations given). Nevertheless, this may well havebeen the destination that was originally intended for the Olivia afterleaving Bangka in August 1812 on the northern passage. Joseph Burn in Timor Joseph Burn did eventually arrive in Kupang on the Olivia,relieving Lieutenant Watson at the beginning of May 1813. The Oliviaremained there without a commander for some weeks until the arrival of aBritish whaler WHALER, mar. law. A vessel employed in the whale fishery. 2. It is usual for the owner of the vessel, the captain and crew, to divide the profits in just proportions, under an agreement similar to the contract Di Colonna. (q.v.) . On board was a junior officer, named as "CharlesRoss Charles Ross can refer to: Charles Ross (general) (d. 1732), Chief of Clan Ross Charles Ross (1721–1745), Member of Parliament, Chief of Clan Ross, killed at Fontenoy Charles Ross (of Morangie) (c. ," to whom Burn gave the command of the Olivia. Ross left Timorfor Macassar at the beginning of June, bearing with him Burn'sreport to Captain Phillips on the state of the establishment (Java 19:Council Meeting, 13 July 1813). Burn was unhappy with the condition ofthe fort, which had been "healthy" until Lieutenant Knibbe hadcut down the trees, but lacked water. The Government House was unfit tobe inhabited, and Burn rented a house belonging to a Dutch woman. Tradehad been previously disrupted by the activities of the British whalers Whalers may mean: Whaling, for information on sailors who hunt whales Hartford Whalers, a former/future hockey team Plymouth Whalers, a current hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League Eden Whalers, an Australian Rules Football team. ,who carried letters of marque letters of marquepl.n.1. A document issued by a nation allowing a private citizen to seize citizens or goods of another nation.2. and had captured nearly every vessel goingto and from Kupang. The industrious Chinese settlers had accordinglyretired to Portuguese East Timor East Timor(tē`môr)or Timor-Leste(–lĕsht), Tetum Timor Lorosae, republic, officially Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (2002 est. pop. but were returning since the Britishtakeover of the Dutch territory and trade was reviving. Kupang wasstacked with goods from Bengal and Java but Burn expected that thesewould soon be sold. The native inhabitants and their rulers were mainlywell-disposed to the British. However, Burn had problems with disputesamong the inhabitants because the Dutch records of the past 20 years hadbeen destroyed. Finally, the troops were unhealthy and lacked clothing.Phillips's letters to Java also included news that LieutenantWatson had arrived back in Macassar on the Olivia and that two crewmembers of the Olivia arrested by Burn for mutiny mutiny,concerted disobedient or seditious action by persons in military or naval service, or by sailors on commercial vessels. Mutiny may range from a combined refusal to obey orders to active revolt or going over to the enemy on the part of two or more persons. were still on board.The account of this mutiny stated that on 7 March 1813 the Olivia"lay at the Brothers--an unhelpful reference, because British mapsand charts of the period show islands of that name both at the southerntip of Sumatra and southeast of Malacca, with "Two Brothers"in the Karimata group. This uncertainty leaves unresolved Bum'sfailure to proceed to Timor sooner. As well as Burn's report, the documents sent by Phillips toJava included a cargo receipt from "Charles Ross." He was infact John Clunies Ross, and his journal, later sent to Raffles, givesthe circumstances of his arrival at Kupang on the whaler BaronessLongueville (Gibson-Hill 1952: 120-128). On taking command of theOlivia, Ross received permission to engage in limited private trade,which suggests that Burn also had this privilege while an EIC employee.Ross sailed on the Olivia on many voyages in the region, and it was atthis time that he came into contact with Alexander Hare, latertransferring to the command of other vessels owned by Hare (Gibson-Hill1952: 120-128). The voyages were recorded in the shipping intelligenceof the Java Government Gazette, where it was first reported that theOlivia arrived in Batavia from Bima in Sumbawa early in July 1813 (JG:2/72:10 Jul 1813). Confusingly, the captain was again named as"Charles Ross," then in later arrivals and departures as"Ch." or "C. Ross," and lastly just as"Ross".34 As regards Joseph Burn in Kupang, there appears tobe no further material in the records of the EIC that describes hisattempts to put the place in order. Phillips died suddenly in Macassarat the end of 1814 and there was a considerable hiatus in theadministration. In March 1815, Captain Wood, by then the Acting Residentthere, reported to Raffles that he had received no accounts from Timor(Java 42: Council Meeting, 13 May 1815). It appears that Burn'scareer as an EIC official did not last long. Dutch sources reveal thathe became addicted to alcohol and died suddenly, well before the Britishrestored the island to Dutch rule late in 1816 (Veth 1855: 713-716; vander Kemp 1911: 317). The short anonymous account of Timor andneighboring neigh��bor?n.1. One who lives near or next to another.2. A person, place, or thing adjacent to or located near another.3. A fellow human.4. Used as a form of familiar address.v. islands that was published in Malayan Miscellanies (1820)contains no information identifiably provided by Burn. It was probablywritten in 1815 or early 1816, as it mentions the activities ofBurn's successor, the energetic Acting Resident Hazaart, a Dutchmanwho retained control in Kupang when British rule ended (Anon. 1820). Conclusions Joseph Burn's activities should be seen, if briefly, in thebroader context of the events that influenced them and their aftermath.The General Wellesley left Madras at a time when there was a severedownturn in commercial activity, and hence in Thomas Parry'sfortunes, caused in part by the war with France and its allies and inpart by drought and famine (Brown 1954:31). Parry, rather than lyinglow, was trying new trading ventures but these were not to besuccessful. He believed that John Grant, co-investor in the twoWellesley ships, had cheated him and was amazed a��maze?v. a��mazed, a��maz��ing, a��maz��esv.tr.1. To affect with great wonder; astonish. See Synonyms at surprise.2. Obsolete To bewilder; perplex.v.intr. to learn that he haddied a rich man (Hodgson 1938: 115). Nevertheless, unlike many earlynineteenth-century British merchant houses in India, Parry'spartnership survived the financial hardships, and after he died in 1824the firm developed increasingly broader business interests. Still basedin Madras, it existed into the 1950s as Parry & Co (see Brown 1954).(35) The voyage of the General Wellesley to Borneo and Sulu was a boldspeculative venture that took place at a time when the British had notyet established naval control over France, Spain and Holland in thearea. The ship was well armed and its license as a privateer would alsohave been an attraction to the investors. (36) Responsibility for thefinancial failure of the voyage must be shared by Sultan Abdulrahman ofPontianak and David Dalrymple. Compared with Dalrymple'sunscrupulous activities, including the voyages to Australia and beyondthat prevented his prosecution, Joseph Burn's conviction for"trover" seems rather unfair. He was certainly wrong to handover responsibility for Douglas Murray's cargo to Dalrymple.Otherwise, his main fault seems to be that he gave Murray the Sultan ofPontianak's bond that really belonged to Parry in order to buy hisway out of debtor's gaol The old English word for jail. GAOL. A prison or building designated by law or used by the sheriff, for the confinement or detention of those, whose persons are judicially ordered to be kept in custody. in Penang. In due time, however, Murraygot his own legal desserts. Their trials reflect Sir EdmondStanley's zeal in establishing British law in Penang. The Charterof Justice that he brought on his appointment had "rescued thisIsland from the state of confusion in which it had so long beeninvolved; and the removal of which he trusted would raise its credit andrespectability in all parts of the civilized and commercial world"(PG 3/123: 2 Jul 1808). Burn's opportunity for rehabilitation rehabilitation:see physical therapy. was triggered byRaffles's interest in Borneo and particularly by Raffles'sintelligence-gathering from his base in Malacca. Burn's lettersfrom Pontianak seem to be a judicious account of the region. Although hecommented on the gold mining activities there was none of theexaggeration of Borneo's riches, as given by Hunt, that alsocontributed to Raffles's growing obsession with Borneo and foundits way into his History of Java (Raffles 1817, Vol I: 236-242). Also,there was no tirade against Sambas, again as given by Hunt. According toBurn the difference between Sambas and Pontianak was essentially thatthe latter polity had given up its former piratical activities, at leastaccording to the Sultan. Hunt's report gives much more informationabout many areas of Borneo, and particularly the north, than doesBurn's but contains errors that include incorrect dates and detailsof piratical attacks blamed wrongly on Sambas. He did not refer to Burnby name but knew of "a description in another place" of therise of Pontianak, obviously a reference to Burn's report (Hunt1812: 25). The poor reputation of Sambas did not deter all Britishcountry traders. For example, the brig Tweed, owned by Carnegy & Coand commanded by Daniel Smith Daniel Smith may refer to: Daniel Wayne Smith, late son of Anna Nicole Smith Daniel Smith (soccer player), British Daniel Smith (professor), political scientist Daniel Smith (cricketer), Australian , returned to Penang from Sambas and othertrading ports to the eastward on 6 May 1811 (PG: 6/272: 11 May 1811).Smith was one of the country traders whom Raffles consulted at that timeas to the suitability of the route via the Karimatas for the invasionfleet before despatching Captain Greig on his survey (Raffles 1811). After his appointment as Lieutenant-Governor in Java, Rafflesbecame keen to extend British influence over Borneo. He argued thatbecause the Dutch had abandoned Borneo before the British conquests, itcould remain a British possession even if the Dutch were to regain powerin the East Indies East Indies,name formerly used for the Malay Archipelago, but also more restrictively for Indonesia and more widely to include SE Asia. It once referred chiefly to India. . Raffles also wanted to restrict foreign trade to"Borneo Proper" (Brunei), Banjarmasin and Pontianak (Java 61:Raffles to Supreme Government 12 June 1813). The plundering of theabandoned Coromandel gave a convenient excuse to campaign againstSambas, and after the successful attack in 1813 the coastal areas underits control were blockaded by the Royal Navy and Bombay Marine untilmid-1814. Sultan Kassim of Pontianak lobbied against the restoration ofSambas as a trading center and sought British protection (Java 61: Hareto Raffles, Enclosure 2, 23 March 1813; Sultan of Pontianak to Raffles,not dated but also March 1813). Interestingly, despite Raffles'ssupport of Pontianak, Alexander Hare expressed doubts about theSultan's influence and the stability of the state, which he visitedin the lead-up to the second British attack on Sambas (Java 61: Hare toRaffles; private letter not dated but also March 1813). (37) By 1814,Raffles's policy towards Borneo was not supported by the EIC eitherin Calcutta or London, and he was forced to withdraw his commercialagent, Mr. Bloem, from Pontianak. A short time previously Sultan Kassimhad, like his father, entered into a dispute over British cargo. Despitean appeal by its owner, Captain Daniel Smith, Raffles declined to becomeinvolved on the grounds that he no longer had authority to influenceevents in Borneo (Bengal Civil Colonial Consultations: 7 Oct 1815;Wright 1961: 287-288). (38) Joseph Burn would seem to have been a suitable choice asRaffles's representative in Pontianak in 1812. The reason that hewas not appointed may be that his relations with the Sultan had been tooclose. Clearly Burn's rehabilitation was sufficient for him to beappointed Resident at Kupang--a significant consolation for a convictedcountry trader. Timor had strategic interest both to the Dutch andBritish. It was a local trading center, with a large Chinese community,and European and American whalers called there for supplies.Unfortunately, Burn did not live long enough to have an identifiableimpact on the local affairs, and in any case had he survived he wouldhave been replaced by Hazaart when the Dutch reassumed control late in1816. After he left Java, Raffles continued to argue that the Britishneeded a base beyond Penang and Bencoolen that would counter Dutchcontrol of the shipping routes and trade. In England he wrote a lengthypaper (1817) for George Canning George Canning (11 April 1770 – 8 August 1827) was a British statesman and politician who served as Foreign Secretary and, briefly, Prime Minister. Early life that included an island off the Westcoast of Borneo "with a very good harbour" after Bangka andBintang (Riau) in a list of possible sites for such a base (Boulger1897: 271-272). This must be Penebangen, one of the Karimata islands,which the British invasion fleet had used in 1811 as a rendezvous and totake on water, as described by Lord Minto in his diary (Wurtzburg 1954:159-160). It was the nearest that Raffles himself ever came to Borneo.By the time that he arrived in Bencoolen in March 1818, Bangka had beenhanded back to the Dutch, and by September 1818 they were exertingcontrol over the Riau archipelago Riau Archipelago(rē`ou, rē`ō), island group (1990 pop. 568,019), 2,280 sq mi (5,905 sq km), Indonesia, at the entrance to the Strait of Malacca, separated from Malaya by the Strait of Singapore. , Pontianak and Sambas. Raffles'sresponse was the foundation of Singapore, which soon became a center fortrade with West Borneo despite restrictive practices restrictive practicesnpl (INDUSTRY) → pr��cticas fpl restrictivasrestrictive practicesnpl (Industry) → pratiques fpl that the Dutchattempted to impose. The early Singapore newspapers expressed ongoinginterest in West Borneo (Smith 2002) and this was reflected inMoor's (1837) compendium com��pen��di��um?n. pl. com��pen��di��ums or com��pen��di��a1. A short, complete summary; an abstract.2. A list or collection of various items. of articles. Though commerciallyunsuccessful, the latter eventually brought Leyden's"Sketch"--and hence, knowledge of Burn's letters--to areadership much wider than that of the old Transactions of the Societyof Arts and Sciences in Batavia. The extensive information provided byBurn was doubtless included in the 1000 pages of Raffles's"former history, present state, population and resources" ofBorneo that was lost in the fire on the Fame, in which Raffles wastraveling when he left Bencoolen in 1824 (Wurtzburg 1954: 685).Ironically, because of a delay in the arrival of the Fame, Raffles haddecided to charter the Borneo, which was built near Banjarmasin and wasowned by Alexander Hare and John Clunies Ross. Commanded by the latter,the Borneo had arrived at Bencoolen to take on pepper for England. Thearrival of the Fame, which was much larger, prevented this arrangementbeing put into place (Wurtzburg 1954: 675). Once back in England, anddespite his losses, Borneo was still in Raffles's mind. In January1825 Ross, then in London, sent him the journal in which he had recordedhis meeting with Joseph Burn in Kupang, along with yet another briefdescription of Borneo (Gibson-Hill 1952:111-120, 121-128). (39) Joseph Burn will never be more than a footnote in the history ofthe region but he did, indirectly, produce a lasting outcome.Burn's appointment of John Clunies Ross as commander of the Oliviaresulted in Ross meeting Alexander Hare and his employment in 1816 inHare's short-lived and controversial fiefdom fief��dom?n.1. The estate or domain of a feudal lord.2. Something over which one dominant person or group exercises control: near Banjarmasin inSouth Borneo. Still associated with Hare, Ross paid a short visit to theCocos-Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean This is a list of islands in the Indian Ocean. Eastern Indian Ocean(East of India) Andaman Islands (India) Ashmore and Cartier Islands (Australia) Christmas Island (Australia) Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia) Dirk Hartog Island (Australia) at the end of 1825. Haresettled there with his entourage and harem in 1826 and Ross returned tosettle there in 1827. Their association ended in acrimony ac��ri��mo��ny?n.Bitter, sharp animosity, especially as exhibited in speech or behavior.[Latin crim and Hare leftin 1831 (Gibson-Hill 1952, passim). The Clunies Ross (laterClunies-Ross) family dynasty that ruled the islands remained strong evenwhen they became a Territory of Australia in 1955, and the familyretained property there until the 1990s.Table 1. Summary of Joseph Burn's Descriptions of Settlements on theRiver Kapuas Above Pontianak. Present-day names are in brackets.Travel times are from the previous place, starting at Pontianak. D:Dayak; M: Malay; Ch: Chinese. Rulers are all Malay.Travel Name Ruler Population Products and notes(days)4 Tayan Rajah D: 8000 Iron ore, iron-stone. (Tayan) M: 200 Chinese make pots and Ch: "few" guns from iron; addicted to gambling and opium. Rajah is subject to Pontianak.1 Mellinsom Pangeran D: 1000 Rice, wax, gambier. (Meliau) M: 50-60 Pangeran is very old, Ch: 0 with little authority.5 Sango Rajah D: 8000 Gold, small diamonds, (Sanggau) M: 1000 wax, many fruits, Ch: 500 coffee. Rajah inter- married with Dayaks. Conquered by Pontianak. Hill people resemble Battas (Bataks) of Sumatra.3 Seccado Pangeran D: 10,000 Gold, rattans, rice, (Sekadau) M: ? wax. "Of little Ch:? importance." Soil poor compared with Sanggau.2 Spaw Pangeran D: 1000 Gold, wax, cotton (Sepauk) M: 50 (originally from Java). Ch: 100 Soil marshy; place of little importance.1 Billiton Pangeran D: 6000 Gold, rice, cotton, (Belitang) M: 100 tenkawan oil (run into C: 0 bamboo; hardened, exported and used to seal prahus). Seven days to Punan, who have no rice: they use sago, and need salt, pots and iron parangs.6 Sintang Sultan D: 60,000 Gold, coarse cotton (Sintang) M: 1000 cloaks: trades with Ch: 700 Banjarmasin and Bangka. Of much importance; takes little notice of Pontianak. Twelve days away is large lake; Ascarbaloo (?) D live around the lake. Ten days away are Mintooree (Mendawai?) D; they have gold and rice and fight Biajoo (Biadju) and Amballoo (Embalah?) D; the latter are tributary to Sintang.3 Seelat Panamb- D: 2000 Gold, wax, cotton, (Nanga ahan M: 350 prahus. Silat) Ch: 501 Sogat Kiai D: 3000 Gold, wax; unimportant (Suhaid?) M: few place. Ch: 02 Seelimboo Kiai D: 1000 Wax, cotton. The river (Selimbau) M: 50 is like a large lake and Ch: 0 connects with a river to Banjarmasin. (1) The "Sketch" was first published in 1814, andreprinted by J. H. Moor in 1837. The reprint reprintAn individually bound copy of an article in a journal or science communication has some editorial changesto the spelling of place-names, and an error in that it said (p. 101)that J. Burn's account was communicated "by" Rafflesinstead of "to" Raffles, as in the 1814 version (p. 34).Moor's version is more accessible and is used here, cited as Leyden1811 to reflect the origin. (2) The Lord Minto was often called the Minto in the contemporaryliterature. British or Dutch place-names are used here for their majorsettlements, with present-day names for others. (3) "West Borneo" is used in the present account for whatis now West Kalimantan West Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Barat often abbreviated to Kalbar) is a province of Indonesia. It is one of four Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital city Pontianak is located right on the Equator line. . (4) Macdonald's memoirs were published privately and were notdated. The edition cited was probably published in 1840; see Smith(2002). (5) Irwin must have misread mis��read?tr.v. mis��read , mis��read��ing, mis��reads1. To read inaccurately.2. To misinterpret or misunderstand: misread our friendly concern as prying. the hand-written "J. Burn" inthe letters. (6) Dalrymple had earlier been based in Calcutta (entries inEast-India Register and Directory 1805 and 1806). (7) The East-Indies Register and Directory listed Murray as aresident of Calcutta in 1805. For mention of a voyage by Murray toRangoon in the Sally, see MC 21/1051:27 Nov 1805. (8) Hodgson was a partner in Parry & Co of Madras, and laterits Chairman. The information came from Parry & Co's archives.A voyage by Grant to Penang and the unsuccessful EIC settlement atBalambangan, North Borneo North Borneoor British North Borneo:see Sabah, Malaysia. , was reported in MC 22/1060:29 Jan 1806. (9) PG: reprint of letter to the Editor, Bombay Courier, from JohnGrant. (10) Hodgson implies incorrectly that Burn was already in Pontianakas Parry's agent. (11) The captured Spanish ship was the "St. [San?]Raphael"; it was sold at auction in Penang on 20 April 1807, as"prize to the General Wellesley letter of marque Noun 1. letter of marque - a license to a private citizen to seize property of another nationletter of mark and reprisal, letters of marquelicense, permit, licence - a legal document giving official permission to do something , Captain Dalrymple... for the moderate price of 3700 Spanish dollars" (PG 2/61: 25Apr 1807). The prize was purchased by James Scott, then one of the mostinfluential merchants in Penang. (12) Unfortunately, Hodgson did not give the date of the letter andBurn's location, but it was probably sent from Pontianak. (13) His arrival was also reported in the Madras Courier 23,1147:30 Sept 1807. (14) Parry received conflicting reports both of the fate of theship and profits that might be expected. (15) The eventful e��vent��ful?adj.1. Full of events: an eventful week.2. Important; momentous: an eventful decision. voyage can be traced in detail from Davies (1961)and especially Robarts (1974). Robarts, who had deserted from a whaler,returned to Penang with Dalrymple. He worked there for Raffles'sbrother-in-law, Quintin Dick Thompson, and when the latter died, movedto Raffles's house before leaving for Calcutta, where he wassupported by John Leyden. (16) George Seton had commanded the Marquis Wellesley before movingto Penang (East India Register & Directory 1806, Part 2: 243). Theship then belonged to Chase & Co., who went bankrupt; Parry wasappointed liquidator LiquidatorPerson appointed by an unsecured creditor in the United Kingdom to oversee the sale of an insolvent firm's assets and the repayment of its debts. (Hodgson 1938:113). (17) The date has not been ascertained because issues of PG forApril and May were missing from the set that was consulted. Acomplication is that names of captains, and dates, show that somearrivals and departures of the "General Wellesley" refer to aship of the same name that was registered in Calcutta, as listed in theEast-India Register and Directory for this period. (18) Drury, who had arrived in Madras in February 1808, soon took asquadron to Achin and Penang, returning to Madras by mid-June. In Augusthe was back in Penang, on his way to China: see Parkinson (1954:312,314, 317, 320-33). (19) Confusingly, this case occurred soon after the arrival of theother General Wellesley from Calcutta, commanded by Captain Brown (PG3/122:25 Jun 1808). (20) Stanley passed through Madras in January 1808 (PG/2, 107:12Mar 1808; extract from Madras Gazette). He might have been briefed aboutthe General Wellesley at that time. (21) He had arrived from Malacca in August 1809 and was named as amember of the Penang Grand Jury in November 1809 (PG 4/183:26 Aug 1809;4/195:18 Nov 1809). (22) The arrival in Penang was also reported in MC 26/1274, 6 Mar1810. (23) There were Armenian merchants called Arratoon (or Aratoon) inBombay, Calcutta and Penang: see Milburn (1813), Vol. 1:234 and Vol. 2:170, and Lee (1978: 24, footnote 47). "Aredist" is obscure: it is reminiscent of the Parsi name"Ardaseer." Apart from Soliman, the other creditors have beenidentified from Milburn and the East India Register & Directory. (24) Curiously, the ship on which he sailed was bound for China. (25) Hodgson (1938) does not mention the court proceedings in 1809and 1810. He says (p. 124) that Parry wrote off the General Wellesleyaccount as a loss in December 1808. (26) Many years later the Dutch established that it was in factrock crystal. (27) The authors are identifiable from missionary literature asElbert Nevius and William Youngblood. (28) The original report does not seem to have survived and thedate in the title as published (Hunt 1812) is questionable. The reportmentions the unsuccessful attack on Sambas in November 1812, and thevessels did not return to Batavia until December. (29) The list also includes Alexander Hare as the importer of opiumfrom the Tweed in January 1812. (30) The Maria and Olivia were "schooners" according toJG. (31) This must be the connection previously made by Gibson-Hill. Hebriefly referred to the Coromandel affair, as reported in JG (1952: 123,footnote 9). There is no indication, even in the list of literature thathe used, that he looked at PG. (32) Phillips must have already known Burn: he had been an officerin Madras and arrived in Penang in May 1807 (PG 2/65:23 May 1807). (33) The Java Government was not pleased with Captain Thurston, butas an officer of the Royal Navy he was outside their control. (34) A handwritten hand��write?tr.v. hand��wrote , hand��writ��ten , hand��writ��ing, hand��writesTo write by hand.[Back-formation from handwritten.]Adj. 1. "Clunies" might have been misread onceas "Charles" but why his correct name was never given is amystery. On one occasion the vessel commanded by "Ch. Ross"was named as the Oliver (JG 2/84:2 Oct 1813). The account by CluniesRoss leaves no doubt that there was no Captain Charles Ross. (35) In the 1970s the company was "Indianized" and is nowE.I.D. Parry (India) Ltd. (36) John Hunt was shipwrecked in the Sulu region during anexpedition in 1810 after peace was established between Spain andBritain. Captain Greig and the Lord Minto were also there (PG, 5, 241: 6Oct 1810). (37) Hare made a 10 day excursion from Pontianak up the river toLandak and on through the gold-mining country to Mempawah. (38) The documents include letters from D. Smith, 25 Feb 1815 and24 Mar 1815, and from W. Bloem (or Bloeme or Bloemsz), 27 Feb 1815.Wright (1961) does not name Smith. (39) Gibson-Hill, perhaps tactfully tact��ful?adj.Possessing or exhibiting tact; considerate and discreet: a tactful person; a tactful remark.tact , did not include theintroduction in which Ross referred to the Malays of Borneo as a"piratical, slave-catching, ferocious and murderous race, thescourge of the Archipelago Archipelago(ärkĭpĕl`əgō)[Ital., from Gr.=chief sea], ancient name of the Aegean Sea, later applied to the numerous islands it contains. The word now designates any cluster of islands. " who "harass harass(either harris or huh-rass) v. systematic and/or continual unwanted and annoying pestering, which often includes threats and demands. This can include lewd or offensive remarks, sexual advances, threatening telephone calls from collection agencies, hassling by and enslave en��slave?tr.v. en��slaved, en��slav��ing, en��slavesTo make into or as if into a slave.en��slavement n. theaboriginal natives" and whose piratical activities continued"as a consequence of European weakness not power" (originalemphasis; Ross to Raffles, 17 Jan 1825, Raffles Collection, MSS EurC36). References Ahmat bin Adam 1971 A Descriptive Account of the Malay Letters Sentto Thomas Stamford Raffles “Raffles” redirects here. For other uses, see Raffles (disambiguation).Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (July 6, 1781 – July 5, 1826) was the founder of the city of Singapore (now the Republic of Singapore), and is one of the most famous Britons who in Malacca in 1810 and 1811 by the Rulers ofthe Indigenous States of the Malay Archipelago Malay Archipelago,great island group of SE Asia, formerly called the East Indies. Lying between the Asian mainland and Australia, and separating the Pacific Ocean from the Indian Ocean, it includes Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, East Timor, . Essay in part fulfilmentfor the University of London For most practical purposes, ranging from admission of students to negotiating funding from the government, the 19 constituent colleges are treated as individual universities. Within the university federation they are known as Recognised Bodies M.A. degree (typescript). India OfficeRecords The India Office Records are a very large collection of documents relating to the administration of India from 1600, the date of the establishment of the East India Company, to 1947, the date of Indian and Pakistani independence from British authority. , Private Papers, Raffles Collection, MSS Eur C842. London:British Library British Library,national library of Great Britain, located in London. Long a part of the British Museum, the library collection originated in 1753 when the government purchased the Harleian Library, the library of Sir Robert Bruce Cotton, and groups of manuscripts. . Anonymous 1820Short Account of the Islands of Timor, Rotti, Savu,Solor &c. Malayan Miscellanies 1/7: -26; also published in Moor,J.H. 1837, ed. Notices of the Indian Archipelago and Adjacent Countries,Appendix, pp. 6-12 (reprinted by Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, London,1968). Anonymous 1840 Journal of a Tour on the Kapwas [from Pontianak toSintang]. Singapore Free Press 5/46; 5/48; 5/50 (1840); also publishedin Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, New series, 1(1856): 84-126. Bastin, John 1954 Raffles and British Policy in the IndianArchipelago, 1811-1816. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the RoyalAsiatic Society The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (RAS) was, according to its Royal Charter of August 11, 1824, established to further "the investigation of subjects connected with and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia. 27/1 : 84-119. 2002 Olivia Mariamne Rafles. Singapore: Landmark Books Bengal Civil Colonial Consultations (manuscript) 1814 P/162/61,India Office Records. London: British Library. Boulger, C. B. 1897 The Life of Sir Stamford Raffles (reprinted byPepin Press, Amsterdam & Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur(kwä`lə lm`pr), city (1990 est. pop. , 1999). Brown, Hilton 1954 Parry's of Madras: A Story of BritishEnterprise in India. Madras: Parry & Co. Burn, J. 1811 Mr Burn's Account of Pontianak, 12 February and12 March 1811 (Manuscript). India Office Records, Private Papers,Raffles Collection, MSS Eur E109, pp. 1-151. London: British Library. Davies, John Davies, John:see Davies of Hereford, John. 1961 The History of the Tahitian Mission 1799-1830,ed. C. W. Newbury. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). for the HakluytSociety The Hakluyt Society is a registered charity based in London, England, dedicated to the advancement of the understanding of world history. It is best known as a publisher of historical texts from the Age of Discovery. , Series 2. East-India Register and Directory, John Mathison and Alexander WayMason, eds. 1803-10 London: Cox, Son & Baylis for East India House East India House in Leadenhall Street in the City of London in England was the headquarters of the British East India Company. It was rebuilt by the architect Richard Jupp in 1799-1800. . Gibson-Hill, C. A. 1952 Documents Relating to relating torelate prep → concernantrelating torelate prep → bez��glich +gen, mit Bezug auf +accJohn Clunies Ross,Alexander Ross, Alexander,1783–1856, Canadian fur trader and pioneer, b. Scotland. He went to Canada in 1805, taught school in Upper Canada, and in 1810 left for Oregon as a clerk in John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company. Hare and the Early History of the Settlement on theCocos-Keeling Islands. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the RoyalAsiatic Society 25/4: 7-300. 1955 Raffles, Alexander Hare & Johanna van Hare. Journal of theMalayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 28/1: 184-191. Hainsworth,D. R. 1981 The Sydney Traders: Simeon Lord and His Contemporaries1788-1821. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. Heidhues, Mary Somers 1998 The First Two Sultans of Pontianak.Archipel, 56: 273-94. 2003 Golddiggers, Farmers, and Traders in "the ChineseDistricts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. 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Andrew Smith Andrew Smith or Andy Smith may refer to: Andrew Smith (zoologist) (1797-1872) , Scottish zoologist Andrew Jackson Smith (1815-1897), American Civil War army general Andrew Jackson Smith (Medal of Honor recipient) (1843-1932), American Civil War soldier School of Earth & Environmental Sciences Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide Its main campus is located on the cultural boulevard of North Terrace in the city-centre alongside prominent institutions such as the Art Gallery of South Australia, the South Australian Museum and the State Library of South Australia. , SA 5005 Australia. andrew.smith@adelaide.edu.au