CAROLINE MALONE, SIMON STODDART & NICHOLAS JAMES.

CAROLINE MALONE, SIMON STODDART & NICHOLAS JAMES. Now that ANTIQUITY has reached its last 1999 issue, the editorialteam has pondered how to mark this arbitrary moment: indeed, anespecially arbitrary moment for a journal which has many contributionsfrom prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to . A National Maritime Museum A maritime museum (sometimes nautical museum) is a museum specializing in the display of objects relating to ships and travel on seas and lakes. A naval museum focuses on navies and military use of the sea. exhibition at Greenwich (ahistorically contingent point in time and space) explores some of themodern dimensions of time, and readers can visit the exhibition from 1December to satisfy their curiosity. It is a missed opportunity of thisexhibition that they have chosen a philosopher and not an archaeologistto discuss recent prehistoric time (renamed Astronomy in Prehistory andEarly Civilisations). The exhibition attempts to go beyond westernconcepts of time, with studies of the Inuit and Mesomerica, but theresult is inevitably western in concept. ANTIQUITY does not allow thisnarrow conception of Time. There are many ways to mark the end of AD 1999; one pretentiouspossibility we whimsically explored was a special issue on the World at1950 BP. This, we argued, could have emphasized the contributionANTIQUITY has made to the coverage of world archaeology aided by theimpact of radiocarbon. In the end, we abandoned this pretension PretensionSee also Hypocrisy.Prey (See QUARRY.)Pride (See BOASTFULNESS, EGOTISM, VANITY.)Absolonvain, officious parish clerk. [Br. Lit. , andhave decided to reflect on the last 73 years. ANTIQUITY has, we think,more than any other journal about archaeology, contributed impressivelyto the way most of us think about the past and passing time. ANTIQUITY's first century What has been ANTIQUITY's contribution to almostthree-quarters of a century of archaeology? This was the question we putto ourselves. Unlike most journals, ANTIQUITY is strongly marked by itseditors, who tend to be in post for much longer than most. Havingcompleted our second year as an editorial team, we contemplate withwonder the ability that our predecessors have had for keeping up aperpetual flow of ideas and debates. The years of ANTIQUITY have beenimpressive, for they reflect the central debates and concerns ofarchaeology. In its early years, it is probably true to say there wasonly one archaeology, but now as the discipline has been increasinglyspecialized and consequently fragmented, ANTIQUITY remains the onlyjournal that aims to provide interest for readers from many differentbackgrounds within the wide arena of archaeology. The need to resist themyopia myopia:see nearsightedness. of excessive specialization is as strong as ever. Range and breadth As has been reported many times before in this journal, O.G.S.CRAWFORD founded ANTIQUITY to provide a review journal aboutarchaeology. This was a time when there were only the journals ofnational, county and period societies and the foreign schools abroad.Short-lived reviews, popular accounts such as the Illustrated LondonNews Illustrated London NewsHistoric magazine of news and the arts, published in London. Founded in 1842 as a weekly, it became a monthly in 1971. A pioneer in the use of various graphic arts, it was London's first illustrated periodical, the first periodical to make extensive and other periodicals had failed to provide the professionalaccount of the newly emerging discipline to a keenly interested public,recently attracted to the excitements of Tutankhamun (1922) anddiscoveries across the Empire and at home. The early years (1927-1957) of ANTIQUITY not only reflected itsfounder's broad approach to a specialist subject with popular andgeneral relevance, but also the sense that archaeology, in all itsforms, was an inclusive discipline. Ethnology ethnology(ĕthnŏl`əjē), scientific study of the origin and functioning of human cultures. It is usually considered one of the major branches of cultural anthropology, the other two being anthropological archaeology and and folklore found spacealongside speculations about language, civilization, historicalgeography Historical geography is the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past. Historical geography studies a wide variety of issues and topics. , art history, numismatics and human evolution. All wereconsidered as contributions to the material of archaeology. Thisinterdisciplinary inclusiveness compares starkly with the highlyspecialized and impenetrable aspirations of much archaeological writingof today (Fagan 1991: 186). The early years also reflected a fascinationwith distant places and cultures, and reports on New Zealand New Zealand(zē`lənd), island country (2005 est. pop. 4,035,000), 104,454 sq mi (270,534 sq km), in the S Pacific Ocean, over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) SE of Australia. The capital is Wellington; the largest city and leading port is Auckland. , Arabia,Italy, the Danube, the Fayum of Egypt, Algeria and Greece figured largein just the first year of publication in 1927. Criticism has beenlevelled at ANTIQUITY for `getting too international and broad' bysome in recent years, when the archaeology of new continents has beenmade more accessible through the pages of the journal. Our examinationof the early volumes shows that, from the outset, CRAWFORD viewed allarchaeology as interesting and worthy of wide understanding. The earlyyears were also the heyday of pre-war big digs. There was a mass ofstimulating, new data coming to light in the Middle East withWoolley's work in Mesopotamia. Gertrude Caton-Thompson wasvigorously exposing Egypt, Africa and elsewhere; and Thomson inMesoamerica, Zammit in Malta, McIver in central Italy Central Italy is a geographic area in Italy that encompasses four of the country's 20autonomous regions: Lazio Marches Tuscany Umbria See alsoGroups of regions of Italy Northern Italy Southern Italy Insular Italy , and across theBritish Empire British Empire,overseas territories linked to Great Britain in a variety of constitutional relationships, established over a period of three centuries. The establishment of the empire resulted primarily from commercial and political motives and emigration movements in its final days, archaeologists were revealing trulyexciting evidence. Famous names from archaeology were routinelyincluded, and many to become famous later on. It is certainly true that,for all the editors of ANTIQUITY, an important task has been to put newand young archaeological writers into print. It is in here in 1931 wefirst see Grahame Clark published on Beaker invasions, followed in 1934by a provocative piece on archaeology and the state. Later on we canread the first offerings of now distinguished professors. The earlydecades showed less interest in presenting method and theory than inrecording current work, finds and discussions; this was not a period ofself-criticism or deep reflection on the how and why of archaeology.There were plenty of individuals involved, although surprisingly thecontents pages of ANTIQUITY list many time and again, including CecilCurwen, Stuart Piggott, Gordon Childe, Cyril Fox Sir Cyril Fred Fox (16 December, 1882 – 15 January, 1967) was an English archaeologist.Cyril Fox became keeper of archaeology at the National Museum of Wales. Along with his wife, Aileen Fox, he surveyed and excavated several prehistoric monuments in Wales. , Christopher &Jacquetta Hawkes Jacquetta Hawkes, n��e Hopkins, (August 5 1910 – March 18 1996) was a British archaeologist. The daughter of Nobel Prize-winning scientist, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, she married first Christopher Hawkes, then an Assistant Keeper at the British Museum, in 1933. and Mortimer Wheeler Brigadier Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler CH, CIE, MC, FBA, FSA (September 10, 1890 Glasgow – July 22, 1976 London), was one of the best-known British archaeologists of the twentieth century. . CRAWFORD was acutely aware of thequestions that all the data raised from these years of abundance anddiscovery. He commented (Hawkes 1951: 173) `What is the end of it all?What new idea is to emerge from the vast accumulations of facts and givethem coherence? Has it already happened?' The war years 1939-45 were hard for ANTIQUITY, and it is recordedin many places how very nearly the journal folded as subscriptions felland the number of readers declined. Nevertheless, CRAWFORD kept itgoing, and indeed it is possible to see a pattern in changing contentand approach from before to after the war. The international flavourdeclined in the war years, there was less research going on, andcontributions relied on those still in Britain to provide copy ofconsiderations of such topics as place-names or artefacts longexcavated, or else recently found sites, such as Sutton Hoo Sutton Hoo(sŭt`ən h), archaeological site near Woodbridge, East Suffolk, E England, containing 11 barrows. Excavations here in 1938–39 revealed remains of a Saxon ship (c. . Soon,however, the war effort at home and abroad, the imposition of newmethods such as aerial photography This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the for details.This article has been tagged since September 2007. , the issues raised by re-invasion inItaly, work in India, re-development, all provided a spate of materialthat re-invigorated the pages with an immediacy and importance that hasrarely been seen since. In 1951, Jacquetta Hawkes wrote a piececelebrating `A Quarter Century of "ANTIQUITY"' which wepublish on our web pages, but also quote here. Hawkes describedANTIQUITY's editorial policy as `confident 19th-century rationalismstill reigning unchallenged ...'. CRAWFORD placed a clearindividual stamp on the journal, and declared at the outset of war that`It seems right to us that ANTIQUITY should play its part in this effortso that when Europe breathes freely once more we may continue, withunabated strength, to represent what we consider an essentialcontribution to Learning and Progress'. There have, mercifully,been no more such threats to ANTIQUITY'S continuance, althoughthere have been moments of concern, such as when the owner of thejournal threatened to sell up, soon after GLYN DANIEL Glyn Edmund Daniel (23 April, 1914–13 December, 1986) was a British archaeologist who specialised in the European Neolithic and made some of the earliest efforts to popularise the subject on radio and television. took over asEditor (Daniel 1986: 230). The journal has maintained its vigour andcharacter for the 50 years since the war, independent and confidentunder its unique board of Trustees and Directors. The DANIEL years, 1958-1987, produced a constant, sometimesconservative, but always readable and provocative reflection on therapidly developing discipline of archaeology. This is most noticeable inthe Whither whith��er?adv.To what place, result, or condition: Whither are we wandering?conj.1. To which specified place or position: archaeology series and the debates between Watson, Hogarth,Clarke and Hawkes on the development and direction of `newarchaeology'. The reflective yet critical character in the journalwas developed further in the Retrospects solicited by the Editor fromBraidwood, Hawkes, Seton Lloyd Seton Howard Frederick Lloyd, CBE (May 30, 1902, Birmingham, England–January 7, 1996, Faringdon, England), was an English archaeologist. He was President of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, Director of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara (President, and others. It was recorded more sadly bythe necrologies, which ran as high as 15 a year. More subtly the journalnoted the founding of new archaeological departments, new courses andappointments in the heady years of archaeological expansion from the1960s onwards. The years 1987-1997 were marked by pronounced widening of the scopeof global coverage, even broader than Crawford, as the new Editor,CHRISTOPHER CHIPPINDALE Christopher Chippindale (born 1951) is a British archaeologist, most well-known for his work on Stonehenge. He is Reader in Archaeology and Curator for British Collections at the Museum of archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge University. , saw new areas opened up to scientificinvestigation, and walls -- both literal and metaphorical -- dismantled.A series of special issues, often with a regional emphasis, stressed tothe reader that all the world has archaeology. Notable regional worldissues focused on the Western Pacific Rim Pacific Rim,term used to describe the nations bordering the Pacific Ocean and the island countries situated in it. In the post–World War II era, the Pacific Rim has become an increasingly important and interconnected economic region. (1988), Soviet Archaeology ofthe Steppes (1989), South East Asia East AsiaA region of Asia coextensive with the Far East.East Asian adj. & n. and the Western Pacific (1989),Japanese archaeology (1990), Polish archaeology (1991), the NorthwestCoast of America (1991) and the Spanish Quest for Verb 1. quest for - go in search of or hunt for; "pursue a hobby"quest after, go after, pursuelook for, search, seek - try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of; "The police are searching for clues"; "They are searching for the Empire (1992), CentralEuropean Archaeology (1993), Central Asia in the Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the (1994)and aSpecial Number, `Transitions', Australia & Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea(păp`ə, –y (1995). It is perhaps the special issue on the `Uttermost Ends of theEarth' (1992) that underlines this break-through in archaeologicalthinking which made inaccessible archaeology accessible, and forcedreaders, sometimes uncomfortably, to confront a much broader world ofarchaeological concern. That this concern may have followed close on theheels of the founding of the World Archaeological Congress The World Archaeological Congress (WAC) is a non-governmental, not-for-profit organization which promotes world archaeology.Established in 1986, WAC holds an international Congress every four years to promote the exchange of results from archaeological research; professional and itsconcomitant quarrels, is doubtless more than coincidence! The present What of the current editors and their work? We ourselves shalldoubtless be well criticized or applauded depending on the issues wepresent. Modern times are all the more difficult to represent fairly andevenly -- so much is happening, and it is expressed in so many media formany different audiences. How can a single journal appeal to all? Ofcourse it cannot cover everyone's specialist interest in everyissue. Nevertheless, we have a strong and unique tradition to maintain-- the independence of opinion, a vision of the unified integrity of thewhole field, the brevity of well-considered prose, the continuance of abelief that archaeological material should appeal. We should beaccessible to a much wider readership than demanded by academe, andretain a sincere desire to express the interest, humour and intellectualcourage of many who work in the field of archaeology. But these aretricky times too. There are fashions in ideas and methods which sodominate the field that, in the words of our friend, Dr James Whitley atthe University of Wales Affiliated institutionsCardiff University Cardiff was once a full member of the University but has now left (though it retains some ties). When Cardiff left, it merged with the University of Wales College of Medicine (which was also a former member). (Cardiff), current archaeological theorists arelike a shoal of fish, following twisting currents, as one turns they allturn, usually nowhere in particular! On the one hand there is thegenuine desire to explain difficult things about the past throughdetailed science, and on the other there is an unsettling un��set��tle?v. un��set��tled, un��set��tling, un��set��tlesv.tr.1. To displace from a settled condition; disrupt.2. To make uneasy; disturb.v.intr. trend to writewhat amounts to little more than informed, often poorly written,novelettes about how the past felt and what it meant, through thedistant senses of the writer. Yet under the principle of inclusiveness(see below), it is our editorial principle to publish a good example ofliterary creativity should it be sent our way -- even if ourpredilection is closer to CRAWFORD's ideal of a linkage betweeninterpretation and fieldwork! Editors and readers In looking through our historic, well-thumbed and annotatedoriginal Editor's collection of ANTIQUITY, it is possible to listsome of the journal's attributes -- the ones at least that catchour eye. It includes Comprehensive Interests; Clarity and Coherence;Inclusiveness -- all the subdisciplines; Ethical Debate; Exposure offraud and pomposity; Humour; demands for Management, Conservation andPreservation, demands for high standards, and the pithy pith��y?adj. pith��i��er, pith��i��est1. Precisely meaningful; forceful and brief: a pithy comment.2. Consisting of or resembling pith. and honestreview of published work. Does this list say something aboutarchaeology, or archaeologists, or simply those archaeologists who editthe journal? Much, certainly, has come from the motivation of theEditors. In general they have been plain-speaking and passionate -- asHawkes said of CRAWFORD, `the success of ANTIQUITY has been due to thepersonality of the policy maker' and that the `magazine has alwaysplayed a strenuous part in developing and illuminating'archaeological ideas. DANIEL, in reflecting on the 150th number ofANTIQUITY in 1964, described `our distinguished and enthusiasticpredecessor, it was a venture -- and indeed, an adventure.' -- `Whydid ANTIQUITY succeed when many of its predecessors died? The simpleanswer is OGS OGS Office of General Services (New York State)OGS Office of Graduate StudiesOGS Ontario Genealogical SocietyOGS Ontario Graduate ScholarshipOGS Ohio Genealogical Society with his enthusiasm and personality which would not let itfail.' DANIEL continued (1964: 85) by noting that `In the sixtieswe are in a different climate of thought; to look through our lists ofsubscribers is to see that they include all the major libraries andmuseums of the world. The circulation grows from year to year; oursubscribers and readers in the British Isles British Isles:see Great Britain; Ireland. may not know that well overhalf our subscribers are outside the British Isles'. This state haschanged a little more over the decades since, and now a third only ofthe subscribers come from the British Isles, and the rest form anenthusiastic readership across the world. Success? Is ANTIQUITY successful because it appeals across the world, andexcludes no area and no debate? Does it appeal because the clearintentions of its founder still shine through -- independence, plainspeaking and the sheer interest of archaeology for all intelligent andinterested readers? Or is it because it reflects, even a little, on thetradition of archaeological debate that has emerged in the British Islesand has prospered here for two or three centuries at least?Alternatively, has ANTIQUITY actually made archaeologists aware of theirresponsibilities to their subject and to the public that they shouldserve? As DANIEL noted in 1964, there were plenty of `rivals' inother places, and there have been more since in Britain, in the form ofpopularizing archaeology and communication. But have any developed inthe same direction as ANTIQUITY? We feel that they have not -- eitherthey aim towards the beginner in archaeology, and it is all pyramids andcolourful romance. Or else, all too soon, such once-popular journalsbecome very serious, and take themselves and their readers into theheavy realms of theoretical debate or typological tedium thatimmediately provides an excuse to snooze through other peoples'hard work and intensity! CRAWFORD was intense in his purpose, even if,as reported by his contemporaries, he had many moments of humour and joyin his subject. We fondly remember GLYN DANIEL from our undergraduatelectures, his delight in the absurdities and curiosities of archaeology,with which he never failed to engage his audience. His decades withANTIQUITY are marked by a lighter tone in the editorials, interspersedas they are with reminiscences of characters, places, food and fools.But he too had deep passions for archaeology in a rapidly changingworld. CRAWFORD's world evolved far more slowly, and as any studentof the history of archaeology The history of archaeology has been one of increasing professionalisation, and the use of an increasing range of techniques, to obtain as much data on the site being examined as possible. OriginsThe exact origins of archaeology as a discipline are uncertain. will be aware, more has happened since thelate 1950s to dislodge ingrained habits of thought and practice than inall the centuries before. DANIEL was ready for such challenges,presenting much new in methodology, debate, theory, chronology andapproach in the pages. Under his editorship, ANTIQUITY seems to havebeen much more economical in space than before or after, and the 84pages of each issue were packed with pieces of great clarity andelegance. Such length restrictions may have forced authors to be moreaware of the verbal limitations, and illustrations were still set withintraditional typesetting typesetting:see printing. typesettingSetting of type for use in any of various printing processes. Type for printing, using woodblocks, was invented in China in the 11th century, and movable type using metal molds had appeared in Korea by the 13th , enforcing very careful selection. Since theintroduction of the personal computer and desktop publishing desktop publishing,system for producing printed materials that consists of a personal computer or computer workstation, a high-resolution printer (usually a laser printer), and a computer program that allows the user to select from a variety of type fonts and sizes, , introducedso successfully by our predecessor, CHRISTOPHER CHIPPINDALE, the size ofANTIQUITY has grown massively to between 200 and 300 pages an issue,1000 pages a year. Much more variety has been allowed in the subjectmatter, and greater length -- for better or worse -- has become afeature of the journal. We are anxious to press the case for brevityonce more so that readers can be rapidly and elegantly informed. Journalism Philip Howard Saint Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel (1557-1595) Philip Howard, English Member of Parliament (1624-1691) Philip Howard, English Member of Parliament (c. 1631-1686) Philip Howard, English Member of Parliament (1669-c. (1992) defined ANTIQUITY as an `Icarus of twoworlds'. Over the decades the editors have attempted to flyprovocatively close to controversy, to practise journalism, but toremain informed archaeologists. All the long-term editors have beenappointed in their late thirties/early forties at that mid-point in thecycle of professional life where there is both some experience and yet aretention of opinion. Not all opinion is of enduring quality, but itshould have contemporary impact. CRAWFORD praised Mussolini for hisclearance of the centre of Rome and he wrote a fanciful book on the EyeGoddess, but he will be remembered for setting up a readable journalwith impact. Why did ANTIQUITY succeed in the twenties? It was partly,as Wheeler has often said, that CRAWFORD was `a journalist, with allthat ingenious capacity for proclaiming one's own or the nextman's achievement that is native to the art'. CRAWFORD oncesaid to Wheeler, `I am a journalist. What I want is simple, clear mindedstuff that any intelligent fool can understand'. But he had aMessianic desire to get archaeology and its message across to the peopleof the world: he had spelt speltSubspecies (Triticum aestivum spelta) of wheat that has lax spikes and spikelets containing two light-red kernels. Triticum dicoccon was cultivated by the ancient Babylonians and the ancient Swiss lake dwellers; it is now grown for livestock forage and used in baked this out in his Man and his past (1921). Andhe was `a bold, brave man who was delighted to express his own viewseven if they meant crossing swords with many others.' (Daniel 1986:231-2). Many swords have been crossed in the years of ANTIQUITY; indeed,as early as 1929, CRAWFORD was jubilant in the exposure of Glozel, where`These triple blows have demolished Glozel; after a short gay life it isdead. On the field of battle lie the corpses of several learnedreputations'. An ANTIQUITY tradition has been set since thebeginning that prefers combat with the opinionated and incompetent, andexposure of the fraudulent and inconsequential, unafraid to tackle thoselearned reputations on which so much sometimes rests. DANIEL `wasdetermined to keep ANTIQUITY as it had been in Crawford's time, ascholarly journal suitable for reading by the general public'(Daniel 1986: 230). He kept to his word, and in the words of PhilipHoward (1992: 7, 8) `ANTIQUITY and its leaders under Glyn Daniel helpedto turn archaeology from a hobby for eccentrics and pirates into a greatacademic discipline ... Glyn was always fascinated by the wilder shoresof his beloved subject, and as a serious as well as humorous scholar, hewas a hammer of the bogus and the fraudulent. He could beferocious.' Editorials The subject and content of editorials has always been a matter ofcurrent inspiration -- some great issue to be exposed and debated, orelse it may be a matter of digging into something relevant and useful.CRAWFORD, as early as 1932, was clearly at a loss in the December issue,but he articulated a theme that pursues us as hard as it did ourpredecessors: `We do not wish these notes to fall to the level of somecurrent literary journalism.... Why not a few words about ANTIQUITY? Itis December and they will be considering whether to continue theirsubscriptions. But will this, after all, produce the desiredeffect?' [current editor's italics]. Subscriptions are stillas much a concern today as they were for CRAWFORD. ANTIQUITY is editedand printed for its subscribers, who in their part, provide the meansfor that to happen! May they continue to subscribe and may ANTIQUITYcontinue to flourish beyond its next century. For our new and oldsubscribers, we are planning some changes for the year 2000. A blindtest of the type-face among the editorial team led to its re-selection.However, another direction we plan is to increase readability and impactfor the year 2000 through a colour section of short (500-word) articleswith one or two photographs. The section plans to give back an immediacyto archaeological discovery, to combine the best of accessiblejournalism with archaeological facts. You will also notice increasedclarity on the outside of the volume. In our examination of the pages of ANTIQUITY we have noticed bothrecurrent grand themes and new movements, within the framework of anapproachable academic style. The theme of Time has permeated its pages,ranging from the chronological schemes of Childe, the phasing of Hawkes,the evolving material culture of Piggott to the impact of radiocarbonregularly presented under the editorships of DANIEL and CHIPPINDALE.Another grand theme has been that of landscape. As one might expect,under the editorship first of CRAWFORD, then of DANIEL, the impact ofaerial photography has been well recorded. However, in the hands ofBradford, Wheeler and St Joseph this has not been left as merepresentation, but placed in context and given significance. The study ofthe Dartmoor reaves is now synonymous with synonymous withadjective equivalent to, the same as, identical to, similar to, identified with, equal to, tantamount to, interchangeable with, one and the same as the name of Andrew Fleming,but already in 1938 J.W. Brailsford was pointing out their significancein the pages of ANTIQUITY. Under the editorship of CHIPPINDALE, thesethemes were given new coverage in Australia and central Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. In addition, Northern, Southern and Southeastern Europe may variously delimit or overlap into Central Europe. , andregional survey was added as a significant theme. We plan to celebratesome of these themes in the year 2000 by publishing thematic volumeswhich draw on the changing times of ANTIQUITY by reprinting its classicpapers. One volume which we have settled on is Landscapes fromAntiquity. Other themes have evolved. Significant material culture has alwayshad its role, but in common with modern archaeology that materialculture is now contextualized. This has now become a modern debate overthe role of connoisseurship in archaeology. CHRISTOPHER CHIPPINDALE hasbeen instrumental both in the pages of ANTIQUITY and in his scholarlycontributions in emphasizing the clash between the connoisseur and thearchaeologist. His work with David Gill in the pages of the AmericanJournal of Archaeology was reinforced by the editorials of ANTIQUITY onSevso and through judicious choice of reviewers of books. CyprianBroodbank comments on Colin Renfrew's The Cycladic spirit that `theimages ... are copious, powerful and exquisite, and yet hardlyinnocent'. We, the editors, have personally excavated beautifulartefacts in Malta, but which have never formed part of a glossy, hypedcoffee table book. We will continue to concentrate on contextual ratherthan purely artistic qualities. We hope that others do not run the riskof attracting the unfortunate attention of art collectors to the Malteseislands Maltese Islands:see Malta. or other places where craftsmanship, beauty and curiosity ismade too popular at the expense of genuine presentation. References AITCHISON, K. 1999. Profiling the Profession. A survey ofarchaeological jobs in the UK. York/London/Reading: Council for BritishArchaeology/English Heritage/Institute of Field Archaeologists. DANIEL, G. 1986. Some small harvest. The Memoirs of Glyn Daniel.London: Thames & Hudson. FAGAN, B. 1991. Editorial, Antiquity 65: 185-91. HAWKES, J. 1951. A Quarter Century of `ANTIQUITY', Antiquity25: 171-3. HOWARD, P. 1992. Introduction, in G. Daniel, Writing for Antiquity.An anthology of Editorials from Antiquity: 7-12. London: Thames andHudson. Advisory Editors We heartily thank our outgoing Advisory Editors, Gina Barnes,Julian Richards Julian Richards FSA, MIFA (born 1951, Nottingham) is a British television and radio presenter, writer and archaeologist with over 30 years experience of fieldwork and publication. , Kate Clark, Roberta Gilchrist, Matthew Spriggs,Heinrich Harke and Rhys Jones, who have given sterling work andinspiration to the Editor and Deputy Editor during their first two yearson the job. We have adopted a system different from our predecessors,which means that we are asking Advisory Editors to serve for just two orthree years at a stretch. These days academics and professionals arevery hard pressed, and any time given to a journal such as ANTIQUITY isin addition to their other demanding tasks. We are indebted to them, andindeed their many and eminent predecessors who have made ANTIQUITY. Conferences on Textiles and Dress Three conferences in May and July this year highlight the differentattitudes to this subject amongst academics in very different areas ofarchaeology. The first one was the 7th North European Symposium forArchaeological Textiles (NESAT), which was held in Edinburgh at theNational Museums of Scotland. This group meets every three years in adifferent venue and was originally started to study the wealth oftextiles from archaeological contexts found in northern Europe. Over theyears it has grown in scope and this year there were papers on findsfrom as far south as Spain. The emphasis at NESAT is on new research and recent excavations andthis year's papers ranged from the technology of textile productionto the construction of grave clothes. There were 29 papers and threeposter displays, and delegates came from 15 countries. Paper patterns ofsome of the Norse and Medieval surviving dress were on sale, and finenettle nettle,common name for the Urticaceae, a family of fibrous herbs, small shrubs, and trees found chiefly in the tropics and subtropics. Several genera of nettles are covered with small stinging hairs that on contact emit an irritant (formic acid) which produces a fibres were replicated by members of the Lejre Historical andArchaeological Research Centre in Denmark. One of the most interesting topics to emerge was the question ofthe layers of cloth found under brooches in Viking and Migration periodgraves. Until now it was thought that bodies were buried in their ownclothes as worn in life. However, the lack of teeth, which are resistantto acid waterlogged soils, has posed problems. It is now thoughtpossible that the bones were buried well after the flesh after the manner of man; in a gross or earthly manner.See also: Flesh had rottedaway, so that the clothes may have been placed on the bones rather thanbeing dressed bodies. In one grave it is possible the clothes may evenhave been placed in reverse order so that when the woman in the graveneeded them in the afterlife they would have been in the right order forputting on. This evidence then raises the question of how much thefabric trapped in the brooch broochOrnamental pin with a clasp to attach it to a garment. Brooches developed from the Greek and Roman fibula, which resembled a decorative safety pin and was used as a fastening for cloaks and tunics. or as a pseudomorph pseu��do��morph?n.1. A false, deceptive, or irregular form.2. A mineral that has the crystalline form of another mineral rather than the form normally characteristic of its own composition. can be taken torepresent the actual layers of clothing worn by the buried people. A new development is the co-operation between various Europeaninstitutions on the sails used in early Viking Age ships, specificallyusing wool. In 2001 a reconstructed ship with sails will be launched andvisit all the countries participating in this research. NESAT has a goodpublication record and the papers of all previous symposiums have beenpublished by the host institution for the symposium. A complete contrast was the Women's Dress in the Ancient GreekWorld conference arranged by the University of Wales Institute ofClassics and Ancient History. Here the papers were mainly based onliterature or excavated art objects, painted vases and statues, and theparticipants as well as the audience were nearly all from universitydepartments. Whilst much of the argument, which turned on readings ofGreek literature, was obscure to anyone without a good knowledge of thelanguage, and English translations were not always available, there wereseveral good papers which a costume historian could appreciate. Topics covered included veiling, the homilies of John Chrysostom,women in trousers, gesture and dress in south Italian vase painting. Itwas a pity, though, that someone with more knowledge of textiles andclothing construction was not included because it was obvious thatseveral speakers were struggling to interpret what they saw. However,the fact that the organizers considered dress to be a topic with whichthey could fill three days with papers in a fairly obscure part ofEngland, staying in a hotel which at times bordered on Fawlty Towers,was encouraging for the wider study of personal attire. The third conference was that of the Costume Society held at theRoyal Armouries, Leeds. This year the papers given looked particularlyat the way armour and military clothing has influenced men'scivilian dress and vice versa VICE VERSA. On the contrary; on opposite sides. . The Costume Society, started in 1965, isparticularly concerned with surviving garments. The study of thosegarments that survive intact has enormous bearing on our ability tounderstand the fragments which excavations provide. They also allow usto trace backwards trends and features which illuminate otherwiseobscure aspects of ancient life. In recent years the re-enactment societies and the living-historyprojects in historic houses, such as that at Hampton Court Palace Hampton Court redirects here. For other meanings, see Hampton Court (disambiguation)Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England, United Kingdom.[1] The palace is located 11. , haveprovided a great impetus to study how people wore their clothes, howthey moved in them and what limitations the various items imposed,either through their construction or through the fabrics from which theyare made. Together with the greater realism which television and filmshave required, there is now an enormous amount of factual information onclothing in past times. Whilst there are many historians of allvarieties who find delving into the seams and linings of often grubby,sweat-stained garments unappealing, this should not be the case witharchaeologists. But there are many of these who fail to appreciate quitehow much information can be gleaned from even the tattiest fragment. Canit be that they do not value their own clothes? To be interested indress is not to be unnecessarily vain or frivolous. The textile andclothing industries have been of immense importance to most culturesthrough time. With the wealth of knowledge on textiles and clothing fromexcavated sources of all types that the NESAT conference demonstrates,it is a particular pity that the researchers responsible for the Iceman IcemanBody of a man found sealed in a glacier in the Tirolean Ötztal Alps in 1991 and dated to 3300 BC. It has revealed significant details of everyday life during the Neolithic Period. should not have asked any clothing researcher to look at the dress andfootwear he had on. Amidst all the excitement of such a stunning find,no one seems to have appreciated that he was also the earliest personwearing his normal clothes that has been found. Reading the list ofspecialists who have helped in the research it was very disappointingnot to see any who have expert knowledge of clothing and shoeconstruction, and the reconstructions so far seen do not appearconvincing. 1999 may well be the year of textiles. There were two moreinternational conferences in September. One was specifically for costumecurators in museums, so dealt mainly with the last 300 years, whilst theother was for textile specialists and papers can range from Han silks tothe 20th century. This year part of the proceedings was devoted topapers in honour of Donald King, a former Keeper of Textiles at theVictoria and Albert Museum in London, whose interests were wide-rangingbut particularly in the medieval period. Textile technology and clothingconstruction are two aspects of study which are important to nearly allperiods of archaeology, and you do not need to have the actual textileor garment to study them. NAOMI Naomi(nāō`mē, –mī, nā`ō–), in the Bible, Ruth's mother-in-law. TARRANT National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh Philip Barker Paintings & Drawings: A retrospective Society of Antiquaries Society of Antiquaries can refer to: Society of Antiquaries of London Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , 9 September-16 December 1999 A remarkable exhibition of PHILIP BARKER's archaeologicalpaintings has been doing the rounds this year. First shown at theGlasgow conference of the Institute of Field Archaeologists The Institute of Field Archaeologists is a professional organisation for archaeologists in the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are at the School of Human and Environmental Science, in the University of Reading. in April, ittransferred to the Classical Museum at Cambridge for the summer and tothe foyer of the Society of Antiquaries for the autumn. Britisharchaeology has produced a long line of consummate draughtsmen whoseartist's eyes have aided their own archaeological recording andwhose archaeological experience has inspired their own art. HeywoodSumner, Wheeler, Piggott and Hope Taylor have a worthy successor inBarker, who over the years has systematically de-stressed himself afterhis day's work in archaeology from 9.00 each night. The results, amassive oeuvre mainly stemming from the 1970s to the 1990s, havehitherto only been seen by the occasional visitor to his studio or bylucky friends who have begged specific works. Many of the archaeological paintings are described by Barker ascapricci, inventions or fantasies based on cropmarks or earthworks seenfrom the air. A fierce composition in angry reds on white from the early1970s reflects Barker's emotion on seeing the ravages inflicted bythe construction of the M5 motorway on an archaeological landscape. Itdates from the time he helped to found the campaigning organizationRescue. More luminous and lyrical compositions evoke ghostly Anglo-Saxonhalls, or ring ditches, or field systems and enclosures all seen ascropmarks. They appeal just as much to those who do not know thearchaeological references simply as immensely exciting counter-pointedinterlocking and overlaying patterns. Barker's use of reliefpainting, in which the canvases are built up to huge thicknesses withfolds and hollows of plaster, give the paintings kinetic qualitiessimilar to those experienced by aerial archaeologists as they view realarchaeological landscapes from changing viewpoints or under changinglight conditions. Archaeology in the Central/Western Mediterranean is recently muchimpoverished by the deaths of three distinguished scholars. JOHN LLOYD,a Romanist first at Sheffield and then Oxford was much involved withItaly and work in Molise with Graeme Barker and Richard Hodges. He madea major contribution to the study of rustic villas and for many years,edited the august Papers of the British School at Rome The British School at Rome was established in 1901 and granted a Royal Charter in 1912 as an educational institute culminating the study of awarded British scholars in the fields of archaeology, literature, music, and history of Rome and Italy of every period, and for the study of . PATRICIA PATRICIA Practical Algorithm To Retrieve Information Coded In AlphanumericPATRICIA Proving and Testability for Reliability Improvement of Complex Integrated ArchitecturesPATRICIA PApilloma TRIal Cervical cancer In young Adults PHILLIPS, also at Sheffield, specialized in prehistory in the westernMediterranean and France, and in particular brought much attention tothe potential of Sardinia in her work on the island's obsidian.BARRI JONES of Manchester University spanned four decades ofdistinguished work in Roman Britain, Italy and north Africa, and we haveasked Professor DAVID MATTINGLY, a former student of his, to write anappreciation of his contribution to archaeology. Geraint Dyfed Barri Jones (4 April 1936-16 July 1999) The sudden death from a heart attack of Professor Barri Jones atthe age of 63 has deprived British archaeology of one of its mostinfluential and charismatic figures. His contributions to Romanarchaeology cover a remarkable range of themes and areas and earned himan international reputation and a Chair at the University of Manchester The University of Manchester is a university located in Manchester, England. With over 40,000 students studying 500 academic programmes, more than 10,000 staff and an annual income of nearly ��600 million it is the largest single-site University in the United Kingdom and receives whilst in his mid thirties. He was a leading activist during the 1970sin the campaign to change the nature of archaeology in Britain from anessentially amateur pursuit into a highly professional and regionallydistributed service. Many of his students were inspired by him to seekcareers in archaeology, but he also devoted time and effort to enthusinga variety of non-academic audiences. He leaves an enduring and imposinglegacy in all these areas. Barri studied Greats at Jesus College, Oxford in the late 1950s,but found himself increasingly drawn into Roman archaeology as one ofSir Ian Richmond's last pupils -- despite the warning of one of hisClassics tutors that Roman Britain amounted to nothing more than `twowet bricks in a wet field'. His career stands as a firm rebuttal rebuttaln. evidence introduced to counter, disprove or contradict the opposition's evidence or a presumption, or responsive legal argument. ofsuch views. Appointed lecturer in ancient history and archaeology in theDepartment of History at the University of Manchester in 1964, Barri wasa key player in the eventual creation of a Department of Archaeology. In1971, he was promoted to Professor of the Department which, thoughsmall, had quickly gained a national profile. As a teacher he could beinspirational, not least because he had the rare knack of stimulatingboth interest and self-belief in his students. A long succession ofgraduates and doctoral students from the Department have foundemployment (and in many cases hold senior posts) in nationalarchaeological bodies, museums, professional units and universities. He had a prodigious appetite for fieldwork, excelling inproblem-oriented excavations that challenged academic orthodoxy, as in aremarkable programme of work investigating the developmental sequence ofthe western end of Hadrian's Wall (his discovery of previouslyunexpected complexities there made front-page news in The Times).Throughout his career, Roman Britain was a central concern (Jones &Mattingly 1990). He had an outstanding ability to read topography anddeveloped excellent skills as an aerial photographer, making pioneeringsurveys in Wales, Cumbria (Higham & Jones 1976) and in Scotland(notably the Moray Moray, alternate spelling of MurrayMoray.For Scottish names spelled thus, use Murray.Moray, council area and former county, ScotlandMoray(mûr`ē)region). In the process, he discovered manypreviously unkown Roman forts and camps, changing our understanding ofthe advance of Roman conquest in these regions. He also recordedevidence on a large scale for native settlement in these frontier zonesand, with targeted trial excavations, the results transformed ourknowledge of the interaction between Roman and native (Higham &Jones 1985). His work was not limited to rural sites. In a series ofinitially unpromising urban contexts (Manchester, Lancaster, Northwich,Carmarthen) he made major discoveries, in the latter case unearthingevidence of the most westerly Roman town in Britain. In addition, hiswork on Roman mining in Britain brought about a significant reappraisalof the scale and sophistication so��phis��ti��cate?v. so��phis��ti��cat��ed, so��phis��ti��cat��ing, so��phis��ti��catesv.tr.1. To cause to become less natural, especially to make less naive and more worldly.2. of such activity at sites likeDolaucothi in South Wales, where he identified complex hydraulic miningstructures at Britain's only known Roman gold mine (Jones &Lewis 1971; Lewis & Jones 1969). His involvement in archaeology abroad was also to be influentialacross a series of fields: rural settlement patterns, urban topographyand ancient mining. Through his D.Phil research on Italy in 1959-63 hebecame involved in the South Etruria Survey co-ordinated by JohnWard-Perkins, then Director at the British School at Rome (Jones1962/1963). He was subsequently employed in 1963-64 as a Post-Doctoralresearcher on the Apulia project, utilizing a remarkable aerial surveycarried out in southern Italy by John Bradford to map both Roman andNeolithic landscapes (Jones 1987). Then came the first of his majorphases of Libyan fieldwork in the late 1960s, with excavations at theclassical cities of Tocra and Euesperides (early Benghazi), and surveyof other sites (including the `lost' city of Hadrianopolis, theproblem of whose location he finally settled by discovering itsaqueduct; Jones & Little 1971). He followed this by a foray intoSpain, where he carried out important work on the Rio Tinto complex ofancient mines and Roman gold mines at Las Medulas, building on hisgrowing knowledge of comparable British sites (Jones 1974; 1980). From1979-89 he co-directed a project which explored the technology of Romanperiod farming in the Libyan pre-desert, with the results published inmore than 30 specialist articles and an acclaimed two-volume finalreport (Barker et al. 1996). Returning to the problems of Libyan coastalcities, he helped co-ordinate and edit the publication of earlierBritish work at Lepcis Magna (Jones 1993). So much for the academic output -- but Barri's careerencompassed so much more than that. Anyone working in professionalarchaeology today owes a debt of gratitude to him. He was one of a smallband of highly committed archaeologists who campaigned for increasedprotection for the heritage in law, higher funding and the creation of anetwork of professional archaeological services. In the late 1960s theregional organization of archaeology was still largely based on amateurSocieties, with a small and under-funded central service within theDepartment of the Environment. As Secretary of Rescue, the charitabletrust The arrangement by which real or Personal Property given by one person is held by another to be used for the benefit of a class of persons or the general public. set up to campaign for legislation to safeguard the archaeologicalheritage, he was instrumental in securing the transition of Britisharchaeology to a highly professional and statutory regional service (asdocumented in detail in his book; Jones 1984). He practised what hepreached in the northwest, through a series of Rescue excavations (Jones& Lewis 1974; Jones & Shotter 1988), and in 1980 he persuadedthe Greater Manchester Council to set up its own archaeological unit(GMAU GMAU Gospel Martial Arts Union ). In more recent times he had maintained his commitment to the`politics' of archaeology through representative roles in the CBA See Capital Builder Account. ,English Heritage and the Royal Commission for Wales. Barri was always a great popularizer of archaeology, whether in hisdealings with farmers, local societies or the media. Wherever he carriedout fieldwork he developed networks of firm friendships -- often peoplewho found or developed further a commitment to their local heritagethrough his encouragement. He continued to be a regular and highlypopular lecturer on Swan Hellenic cruises -- long after the novelty ofdoing it had worn off -- simply because he loved the opportunity topresent the subject to that sort of audience. From 1979 to 1988 heedited a national archaeological magazine, initially known as PopularArchaeology, later as Archaeology Today, and, when this wasdiscontinued, he contributed to another, Minerva. The public interest hestimulated and sustained (often at financial cost to himself) wasanother service of lasting value to the whole archaeological community. He lived his life at a frenetic pace, aided and abetted by a rangeof gadgetry (dictaphones and fax machines could both have been designedwith him in mind). He was not uncommonly late for meetings because hehad tried to fit in a field visit to some new discovery on the way. Allthese commitments and his own restless drive, meant that he wasfrequently juggling with too many balls in the air. But whilst he mightsometimes disappoint and exasperate by his lateness or sins of omission,working with Barri was always exciting and fun and he will be longremembered by all who worked closely with him. He was generous, charmingand sparkling company, giving purpose and direction to manypeople's lives. He was completely lacking in malice and always tooka positive interest in others, making them see a potential in themselvesthey had not suspected. At the same time he was guarded about his ownprivate life, which was not always easy or happy (he was twice marriedand twice divorced). How sad it is that he should die at a time when hewas happier than he had been for years and cheerfully planning for hisimpending retirement. A conference in his honour had been arranged forSeptember 2000 to coincide with this. It is small consolation to us allto know of his delight when, shortly before his death, he was shown thelengthy roll-call of former students and collaborators who had offeredpapers. DAVID MATTINGLY School of Archaeological Studies University ofLeicester HistoryThe University was founded as Leicestershire and Rutland College in 1918. The site for the University was donated by a local textile manufacturer, Thomas Fielding Johnson, in order to create a living memorial for those who lost their lives in World War I. References BARKER, G.W.W., D.D. GILBERTSON, G.D.B. JONES & D.J. MATTINGLY.1996. Farming the desert: The UNESCO UNESCO:see United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. UNESCOin full United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Libyan Valleys ArchaeologicalSurvey 1: Synthesis. 2: Gazetteer gazetteer(găz'ĭtēr`), dictionary or encyclopedia listing alphabetically the names of places, political divisions, and physical features of the earth and giving some information about each. and pottery. Paris/London:UNESCO/Society for Libyan Studies. HIGHAM, N.J. & G.D.B. JONES. 1976. Frontiers, forts andfarmers: the Cumbrian aerial survey 1974-75, Archaeological Journal 132:16-53. 1985. The Carvetii. Gloucester: Sutton. JONES, G.D.B. 1962/1963. Capena and the Ager Capenas, Papers ofBritish School at Rome 30 (1962): 116-207; 31 (1963): 100-59. 1974. Roman Manchester. Manchester. 1980. The Roman mines at Rio Tinto, Journal of Roman Studies 70:146-65, 1984. Past Imperfect. The story of Rescue archaeology. London:Heinemann. 1987. Neolithic Apulia. London: British Academy. 1993. The Severan Buildings of Lepcis Magna. London: Society forLibyan Studies. JONES, G.D.B. & P.R. LEWIS. 1971, The Dolaucothi gold-mines,BonnerJahrbucher 171: 288-300. JONES, G.D.B. & J.H. LITTLE. 1971. Coastal settlement inCyrenaica, Journal of Roman Studies 61: 64-79. JONES, G.D.B. & D.J. MATTINGLY. 1990. An atlas of RomanBritain. Oxford: Blackwell. JONES, G.D.B. & D. SHOTTER. 1988. Roman Lancaster. Manchester:Brigantia Monographs. LEWIS, P.R. & G.D.B. JONES. 1969. The Dolaucothi gold mines The Dolaucothi Gold Mines (grid reference SN662399), also known as the Ogofau Gold Mine, are a Roman deep mine located in the valley of the River Cothi, near Pumsaint, Carmarthenshire, Wales. , I:the surface evidence, Archaeological Journal 89: 244-72. 1970. Roman gold-mining in northwest spain, Journal of RomanStudies 60:169-85