Canada's Kyoto delusion: the evidence is finally forcing us to admit we have done nothing.

Canada's Kyoto delusion: the evidence is finally forcing us to admit we have done nothing. Over the past 18 years, the Years, Thethe seven decades of Eleanor Pargiter’s life. [Br. Lit.: Benét, 1109]See : Time Canadian government has made severalcommitments to reduce greenhouse gas greenhouse gasn.Any of the atmospheric gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect.greenhouse gasemissions as its contribution tointernational efforts to limit the risks of human-induced climatechange. Canada made its first international commitment at the 1988 WorldConference on the Changing Atmosphere and then followed this withcommitments at the 1988 G7 meeting, the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio and the1997 negotiation of the Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol:see global warming. . To meet these commitments, the government has relied primarily onnon-compulsory policies--information programs and modest subsidies--toencourage Canadian businesses Canadian Business is the longest-publishing business magazine in Canada. It was founded in 1928 as The Commerce of the Nation, the organ of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce. The magazine was renamed Canadian Business in 1933. and consumers to shift voluntarily to lessgreenhouse gas-intensive technologies and lifestyles. Salient policyinitiatives include the 1990 Green Plan, the National Action Program onClimate Change in 1995, Action Plan 2000, the 2002 Climate Change Planfor Canada and Project Green in 2005. Instead, however, the country's greenhouse gas emissions haverisen steadily throughout this period, as the accompanying graph shows.With emissions rising by 27 percent between 1990 and 2004, Canada missedby a substantial amount the targets set in 1988 and 1992 and, accordingto according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3. government estimates, our emissions are on a "business asusual" trend that will overshoot o��ver��shootn.A change from steady state in response to a sudden change in some factor, as in electric potential or polarity when a cell or tissue is stimulated. the Kyoto target by at least 35percent. With the Kyoto deadline period of 2008 to 2012 close at hand,the glaring evidence from our relentless emissions growth is forcingCanadian politicians to admit that compliance with Kyoto isimpossible--an outcome that a foreign delegate at a recent internationalmeeting referred to as "Canada's shame" to a roomful ofnodding heads. A Canadian delegate had no response but to quietlyacknowledge "our country's policy catastrophe." In this essay, I explore the reasons for this"catastrophe." I also explain how it might have been avoidedand what immediate actions Canadians should be demanding of theirpoliticians if they wish to see their country make a contribution to theglobal effort to address this potentially grave threat to the planet. I begin by explaining the factors that increase greenhouse gases,the actions that can reduce them and the policies that are necessary toinduce emissions reduction actions by businesses and consumers. While there are other greenhouse gases, the dominant climate threatis from carbon dioxide carbon dioxide,chemical compound, CO2, a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is about one and one-half times as dense as air under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. emissions that result almost entirely from thecombustion of fossil fuels--coal, oil and natural gas--when providingenergy services that drive our industry and enable our mobile,comfortable and well-entertained lifestyles. (The megatonnes--Mt--in thegraph are in units of C[O.sub.2] with other greenhouse gases convertedinto C[O.sub.2] equivalence.) Energy-related C[O.sub.2] emissions can bereduced by using less energy (energy efficiency or conservation), byswitching to fuels that are less carbon intensive (from fossil fuels fossil fuel:see energy, sources of; fuel. fossil fuelAny of a class of materials of biologic origin occurring within the Earth's crust that can be used as a source of energy. Fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. tonuclear or renewables, or among fossil fuels from coal to natural gas)and by capturing carbon and preventing its release to the atmospherewhen using fossil fuels. Most people are unaware of this last option,but as I explain in my book Sustainable Fossil Fuels: The Unsual Suspectin the Quest for Verb 1. quest for - go in search of or hunt for; "pursue a hobby"quest after, go after, pursuelook for, search, seek - try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of; "The police are searching for clues"; "They are searching for the Lean and Enduring Energy, it is one we are likely topursue aggressively over the coming decades. Thus, an action to reduce C[O.sub.2] emissions can range fromsomething as mundane as trying a more efficient light bulb in my desklamp to a grandiose grandiose/gran��di��ose/ (gran��de-os?) in psychiatry, pertaining to exaggerated belief or claims of one's importance or identity, often manifested by delusions of great wealth, power, or fame. industry-government collaboration for constructing avast network of C[O.sub.2] pipelines and storage facilities. WhileCanada and other countries pursue these actions to reduce emissions,however, there are drivers that work in the opposite direction, namelypopulation growth, economic growth and, for some well-endowed countriessuch as Canada, growth of the fossil fuel industry itself. Depending onthe relative weight of these actions and drivers, greenhouse gasemissions could rise, stabilize or fall. As it turns out, Canada has been a leader among the members of theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), (in French: Organisation de coop��ration et de d��veloppement ��conomiques; OCDE) is an international organisation of thirty countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market in the growth ofall three drivers. From 1990 to 2004, Canada's population grew atover 1 percent per year, a rate similar to the United States United States,officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. , while mostother OECD OECD:see Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. countries experienced rates in the 0.3 percent range. HadCanada's population growth been in this latter range, its emissionswould have risen by 12 percent instead of 27 percent. During thisperiod, Canada's gross domestic product grew at close to 3 percentper year while most major OECD countries, except the U.S., had growth inthe 2 percent range and even lower. While some of this GDP GDP(guanosine diphosphate): see guanine. growth islinked to its higher population growth, Canada also had higher thanaverage per capita [Latin, By the heads or polls.] A term used in the Descent and Distribution of the estate of one who dies without a will. It means to share and share alike according to the number of individuals. GDP growth, surpassed only by the United Kingdomamong major OECD countries. Canada's surging oil sands production is the third importantdriver of C[O.sub.2] emissions. With 174 billion barrels of proven oilreserves Oil reserves refer to portions of oil in place that are claimed to be recoverable under economic constraints.Oil in the ground is not a "reserve" unless it is claimed to be economically recoverable, since as the oil is extracted, the cost of recovery increases incrementally , Alberta's oil sands place Canada second only to SaudiArabia Saudi Arabia(sä`dē ərā`bēə, sou`–, sô–), officially Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, kingdom (2005 est. pop. in the world. Technological advances since the mid 1990s andhigher crude oil prices in this decade have stimulated a dramaticexpansion; oil sands production in 2005 was three times its level of1990 and the National Energy Board predicts that production in 2020 willbe four times higher than the 2005 level. Because the conversion of oilsands to synthetic crude oil is energy intensive, C[O.sub.2] emissionsfrom the production process are at least twice per barrel those ofconventional oil. No other major OECD country is experiencing anythingclose to Canada's rapid expansion of fossil fuel production,rendering greenhouse gas emissions reduction in Canada especiallychallenging over the past 15 years and in the years and indeed decadesahead. Canada's purported efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissionswere clearly swamped "Swamped" is the seventeenth episode of The Batman's second season. It originally aired in North America on June 11, 2005. Plot SynopsisKiller Croc, a half-man, half reptile plans to submerge all of Gotham in water in order to facilitate his plundering of the city. by these upward drivers, preventing us from makingheadway head��way?n.1. Forward movement or the rate of forward movement, especially of a ship.2. Progress toward a goal.3. The clear vertical space beneath a ceiling or archway; clearance.4. toward our international commitments--in particular thecommitment to the Kyoto Protocol. This raises two questions. First,could our policy makers have anticipated this when negotiating Kyoto atthe end of 1997? Second, could our policy makers have enacted policiesthat would have achieved this latter commitment in spite of these stronggreenhouse gas emissions drivers? Sadly, the answer to both questions is yes. Frustratingly, I wasone of several analysts who saw the policy catastrophe coming and whowarned decision makers. When my warnings fell on deaf ears, I turned tonewspaper articles and eventually wrote a book explaining the kinds ofpolicies that were absolutely essential if Canada was to reduce itsgreenhouse gas emissions in line with its Kyoto commitment or over amore reasonable time period. Given the continued rise of emissions since2000, one is tempted to say "I told you so." In the 1990s, I was one of several independent Canadianenergy-economy researchers who emitted more than our share of greenhousegases flying to meetings of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange “IPCC” redirects here. For other uses, see IPCC (disambiguation).The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment , the International Energy Agency and other organizations chargedwith assessing greenhouse gas emissions reduction costs. We noticed thatmany European governments, and especially the Australian government, hadcommissioned our counterparts in their countries to conduct careful costestimates of alternative reduction targets and timeframes. We urged ourCanadian officials to conduct similar studies to better inform ournegotiators in the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange. But little was done. In hindsight, it appears that the position of Canadian negotiatorsat Kyoto in 1997 was largely determined by political optics instead ofeconomic analysis, in particular the importance of having a targetsimilar to that of Europe and the United States. In contrast, Australia,with a rapidly growing population, economy and fossil fuel industry likeCanada, pushed for and won a much less stringent target. Its policymakers were cognizant cog��ni��zant?adj.Fully informed; conscious. See Synonyms at aware.[From cognizance.]Adj. 1. of just how much higher Australia's costswould be to achieve a target similar to that of the Europeans. Norwayand Iceland, which, like Canada, depend on hydropower--which furtherlimits greenhouse gas reduction options because it is alreadyemission-free--also sought and won less stringent targets. Thus, while some countries in situations similar to Canada'saggressively and successfully negotiated less ambitious targets,Canadian policy makers chose not to commission additional analysis andto ignore what was well known about Canada's relatively highpopulation growth and plentiful fossil fuel resources. This was step onein the policy catastrophe. Once Kyoto was signed, Canada undertook a detailed analysis andconsultation from 1998 to 2000, called the National Climate ChangeProcess. My research group was selected to estimate the policiesrequired for Canada to achieve its Kyoto commitment and the resultingfinancial costs. Our energy-economy model is similar to that of the U.S.government, and our cost estimates and required policy tools weresimilar to those estimated for the United States. We found that Canadaneeded to implement immediately either a tax on greenhouse gas emissionsor a regulated emissions cap. A greenhouse gas tax is effective in amarket economy because it raises the relative costs of carbon-intensivefuels that emit TO EMIT. To put out; to send forth, 2. The tenth section of the first article of the constitution, contains various prohibitions, among which is the following: No state shall emit bills of credit. CO when used (hence carbon or C[O.sub.2] taxes).Businesses and consumers respond gradually by taking the actions Idiscussed above--switching away from carbon-intensive fuels (fromgasoline to ethanol, from coal electricity generation to windgeneration) and controlling emissions from carbon-based fuels (carboncapture and storage Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an approach to mitigating global warming by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. ). An emissions cap can achieve a similar outcome toa carbon tax by setting an emissions limit for each firm and allocatingtradable emissions permits. Firms reduce their own emissions or buyexcess permits from other firms that have made more reductions thanrequired. We found that Canada would need a tax of $120 per tonne ofC[O.sub.2] (which we soon revised to $150) or set a firm economy-widecap on greenhouse gas emissions to offset its population, economicoutput and oil sands production drivers in the Kyoto timeframe.Moreover, we noted that with each year of delay, the tax would have torise considerably, given that energy use is tied to long-lived capitalstocks like infrastructure, buildings and industrial plants. What happened next shocked me and other analysts. The Canadiangovernment developed plans and forecasts that relied on our estimatedemissions reductions by 2010, but without implementing the only policythat could cause these actions to happen--namely a greenhouse gas tax oran emissions cap. Those of us who pointed this out were not appreciated.There were even rumblings about our faulty models. In frustration, Ico-wrote The Cost of Climate Policy to set the record straight--forposterity POSTERITY, descents. All the descendants of a person in a direct line. if nothing else. The book laid out the case for greenhouse gastaxes and emissions caps, along with additional compulsory policies suchas an emissions standard for vehicles and efficiency regulations forbuildings and equipment. It also presented policy designs to minimizethe economic and regional impacts of greenhouse gas emission reduction.It predicted that without these policies, Canadian emissions wouldcontinue to rise. And rise they did. Still, the government refused to alter its ineffective policyapproach. Indeed, in each of its plans since 2000, the Canadiangovernment has assumed that it can achieve substantial greenhouse gasreductions by relying primarily on information programs and subsidies inspite of sound evidence to the contrary from leading energy-economyanalysts around the world. Reluctantly, my research group highlightedthe futility FutilitySee also Despair, Frustration.American Scene, Theportrays Americans as having secured necessities; now looking for amenities. [Am. Lit.: The American Scene]Babioperforms the useless and supererogatory. [Fr. of this approach in a C.D. Howe report entitled en��ti��tle?tr.v. en��ti��tled, en��ti��tling, en��ti��tles1. To give a name or title to.2. To furnish with a right or claim to something: Burning OurMoney to Warm the Planet, which showed that continuing with the 2005Project Green approach for the next 35 years would cost $85 billion andonly slightly slow the growth of greenhouse gas emissions. Thiscontinued unwillingness to implement effective policies since signingthe Kyoto Protocol was step two in the policy catastrophe. In fairness to government, the implementation of effective policiesin Canada during the past 18 years would not have been easy. First, theclimate change risk is a particularly challenging environmental problemfor any country in that it requires concerted action based on highlycomplex scientific knowledge. Our constitution compounds this challengeby giving provinces jurisdiction over natural resources, with Albertaand other provinces interpreting greenhouse gas control policies as aninfringement on their right to develop their fossil fuel resources. Tomake matters worse, the U.S. Kyoto target, which Canada mimicked, wasalso not based on sound economic analysis. In the words of onecommentator, the final phase of the Kyoto negotiation was a game of"aspirational pole vaulting pole vaulting:see track and field athletics. ," as the U.S. delegation led byVice-President Al Gore Noun 1. Al Gore - Vice President of the United States under Bill Clinton (born in 1948)Albert Gore Jr., Gore agreed to targets comparable to the Europeans, inspite of the U.S. having the same drivers as Canada pushing emissionshigher. As the costs and policy requirements became understood,President Bill Clinton lost hope for ratification The confirmation or adoption of an act that has already been performed.A principal can, for example, ratify something that has been done on his or her behalf by another individual who assumed the authority to act in the capacity of an agent. of Kyoto by Congress.But instead of trying to renegotiate re��ne��go��ti��ate?tr.v. re��ne��go��ti��at��ed, re��ne��go��ti��at��ing, re��ne��go��ti��ates1. To negotiate anew.2. To revise the terms of (a contract) so as to limit or regain excess profits gained by the contractor. the treaty, he left the issue tothe next president. Within a year of taking office, President George W.Bush withdrew the U.S. from the treaty. Even with a less-stringentrequirement, Australia also rejected it. Given the rejection of Kyoto by both of these countries--theclosest to Canada in terms of the key greenhouse gas emissionsdrivers--policy analysts have tried to understand why Canada nonethelessratified rat��i��fy?tr.v. rat��i��fied, rat��i��fy��ing, rat��i��fiesTo approve and give formal sanction to; confirm. See Synonyms at approve. the treaty in 2002, even while spurning the only policies thathad a hope of reducing emissions. Some suggest that Prime Minister JeanChretien bears much responsibility, refusing to allow a carbon tax orother strong policies for fear of upsetting Alberta and Canadianbusiness, yet staying in the treaty to sustain (at least during histenure) Canada's global leadership image, both domestically andabroad. This may be so, but the views of key interest groups have not beenhelpful in avoiding the policy catastrophe. Many business leadersbelieve that climate change is not a risk or that emissions reduction iscostly over any timeframe, so they have refused to help design sensiblepolicies that evidence shows can drive long-run emissions reductionwithout great economic costs. At the same time, many environmentalistsbelieve that substantial emissions reduction is profitable and easy ifgovernment simply informs consumers and businesses of the benefits,sometimes tacking on a modest subsidy for new technologies. And themedia is ready to hammer government the minute it hints at a taxincrease, even if the intent is for a revenue-neutral shift of taxes togreenhouse gases from investment or income. The views of these interests push government toward the morepolitically acceptable information and subsidy policy approach--runningadvertising campaigns, giving awards for individual actions and dolingout taxpayers' money to happy recipients. But these non-compulsorypolicies will not drive the long-term, fundamental technological changethat is needed. And most independent energy analysts have been sayingthis for quite some time, especially as they conduct hindsight analysison 25 years of utility and government subsidies to energy-efficienttechnologies. Research is indicating that sometimes between 50 percentand 80 percent of subsidies are captured by free riders--businesses andindividuals who would have made such investments anyway since oureconomy generally shifts to more efficient equipment even withoutsubsidies. In the absence of compulsory regulatory and financialconstraints on emitting e��mit?tr.v. e��mit��ted, e��mit��ting, e��mits1. To give or send out (matter or energy): isotopes that emit radioactive particles; a stove emitting heat.2. a. greenhouse gases (that is, taxes or caps), it isimpossible to subsidize sub��si��dize?tr.v. sub��si��dized, sub��si��diz��ing, sub��si��diz��es1. To assist or support with a subsidy.2. To secure the assistance of by granting a subsidy. the complete transformation of a market. Whensubsidies are eventually removed, as budgetary priorities change, thosecleaner technologies that depended on them are just as likely tostagnate stag��nate?intr.v. stag��nat��ed, stag��nat��ing, stag��natesTo be or become stagnant.[Latin st if free emissions to the atmosphere are still allowed.Moreover, a multitude of new technologies that use the atmosphere inthis way continue to develop and disseminate dis��sem��i��nate?v. dis��sem��i��nat��ed, dis��sem��i��nat��ing, dis��sem��i��natesv.tr.1. To scatter widely, as in sowing seed.2. , an example being backyardpatio heaters. Someone referred to the Liberal government's final Kyotoeffort, Project Green, as "the information and subsidy approach onsteroids steroids,class of lipids having a particular molecular ring structure called the cyclopentanoperhydro-phenanthrene ring system. Steroids differ from one another in the structure of various side chains and additional rings. ." Without a carbon tax, without providing compulsoryregulations on the automotive industry The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design, development, manufacture, marketing, and sale of motor vehicles. In 2006, more than 69 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide. , but with huge funds for subsidyprograms, the initiative was the ultimate example of the policy approachthat has been ineffective for 15 years. Mercifully mer��ci��ful?adj.Full of mercy; compassionate: sought merciful treatment for the captives.See Synonyms at humane.mer , the minority Conservative government of Stephen Harperquickly gutted much of Project Green. The government also recognizedthat Canada will neither meet its Kyoto commitment nor purchaseinternational credits as compensation, something that has been obviousfor the past six years, but which the other political parties are onlyslowly accepting now. Canada will not be alone in failing to meet Kyoto,but it will stand out as the worst offender. What this means forinternational efforts to negotiate commitments for the post-Kyoto periodis impossible to say at this time. There is, however, a perceptible per��cep��ti��ble?adj.Capable of being perceived by the senses or the mind: perceptible sounds in the night.[Late Latin perceptibilis, from Latin perceptus shift in the discussion thatshould bring hope to those of us who want stronger policies. In part,this is because the Conservatives federally, and increasingly theAlberta government, are enthusiastic to move beyond the tight Kyototimeframe to discuss policies that will cause significant reductions ingreenhouse gases over a period of several decades and to recognize thatsuch an effort requires the imposition of financial penalties orregulatory caps sooner rather than later. In part, this is also becausethe sentiment toward greenhouse gas policy is changing in the UnitedStates. The recent emissions reduction initiatives of Governor ArnoldSchwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (German pronunciation (IPA): [ˈaɐ̯nɔlt ˈaloɪ̯s ˈʃvaɐ̯ʦənˌʔɛɡɐ]in California and the position taken by Republicanpresidential front-runner Senator John McCain For McCain's grandfather and father, see John S. McCain, Sr. and John S. McCain, Jr., respectivelyJohn Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936 in Panama Canal Zone) is an American politician, war veteran, and currently the Republican Senior U.S. Senator from Arizona. will find support amongthe resurgent re��sur��gent?adj.1. Experiencing or tending to bring about renewal or revival.2. Sweeping or surging back again.Adj. 1. Democrats in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives.Canadian fears of incurring costs in advance of the U.S. will diminishaccordingly as American discussions focus on specific emissions tax orcap options--most likely a regulatory cap given that taxes are anathema anathema(ənă`thĭmə)[Gr.,=something set up; dedicated to a divinity as a votive offering], term that came to denote something devoted to a divinity for destruction. In the Bible, the term is herem. to such a large percentage of the U.S. public. The simplest and most efficient policy that Canada should consideris a gradually rising tax on emissions of C[O.sub.2] and othergreenhouse gases. Decades of experience with environmentaltaxes--including a decade of C[O.sub.2] taxes in severaljurisdictions--have shown that a properly designed tax can meeteveryone's concerns. Government reduces other taxes, so there is nonet tax increase. Industries whose exports are threatened are given taxexemption tax exemption,immunity from the requirement of paying taxes. Federal, state, and usually local law provide exemption from taxation for a wide variety of organizations, usually not-for-profit, such as churches, colleges, universities, health care providers, various and help with reduction investments, as Norway does with itsUS$70 tax per tonne of C[O.sub.2]. Tax payments are returned toprovincial governments, like Alberta, so there are no regional losers.The tax starts at a modest level and is scheduled to rise gradually, soit affects new investment decisions but not the profitability of oldequipment. If, however, our government feels that Canadians are not ready forthe tax solution, they can implement a few key "market-orientedregulations" that approximate the tax signal. My research groupprobed the environmental and economic effect of such policies in our2004 C.D. Howe paper, The Morning After: Optimal Greenhouse Gas Policiesfor Canada's Kyoto Obligation and Beyond. A carbon managementstandard, not greatly different from an emission cap and trade system,would require the fossil fuel industry to prevent a growing percentageof the carbon it extracts from reaching the atmosphere. This is likelyto stimulate carbon capture and storage by fossil fuel producers andelectricity generators. A vehicle emission standard Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. Many emission standards focus on regulating pollutants released by automobiles (motor cars) and other powered vehicles but they can also regulate , like that ofCalifornia, would require that a growing percentage of vehicles would bezero or extremely low emissions. Manufacturers would trade amongthemselves in meeting the obligation. Energy-efficiency regulations onnew buildings and appliances would be tightened, again on a graduatedschedule to give manufacturers and consumers time to adjust. Somegovernment subsidies would be applied in the few areas where experiencehas shown they can be effective, notably public transit infrastructure,district energy systems and efficiency improvements to low-incomehousing. Whichever policies are chosen, it is imperative that they start ata modest level but include a clear schedule for gradual intensificationover the coming decades. This ensures that new investments drive downemissions without rendering existing high-emission buildings andequipment prematurely obsolete--which would have enormous costs to theeconomy. Avoiding such short-term costs also gives Canada a chance toreverse its policies if scientists change their views about the riskwithin the next decade or two, and to adjust our effort depending onwhat other countries agree to. In any case, the time to worry about going first has passed. Manycountries have already implemented most of the policies I am suggesting.And given that the three opposition parties, which together constitute amajority, all claim to be convinced of the need for immediate and strongaction by Canada to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it would beunfortunate if Canadians had to await yet another election before takingsubstantial action on this critical issue. Mark Jaccard Dr. Mark Jaccard is a professor in the School of Resource and Environmental Management (REM) at Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada. He is an internationally respected authority on climate change. is professor of resource and environmental managementat Simon Fraser University Simon Fraser University,main campus at Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; provincially supported; coeducational; chartered 1963, opened 1965. The Harbour Centre campus in downtown Vancouver opened in 1989. , a fellow at the C.D. Howe Institute and amember of Canada's National Roundtable on the Environment and theEconomy. His latest book, Sustainable Fossil Fuels: The Unusual Suspectin the Quest for Clean and Enduring Energy (Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). ,2005), won the 2006 Donner Prize for top policy book in Canada. He iscurrently writing a book on Canada's climate change policy, pastand future.