2007 ACEI Annual International Conference, Tampa, Florida.

2007 ACEI Annual International Conference, Tampa, Florida. Jim Hoot, from State University of New York (body) State University of New York - (SUNY) The public university system of New York State, USA, with campuses throughout the state. at Buffalo, greets ournew ACEI ACEI Angiotensin Converting Enzyme InhibitorACEI Association for Childhood Education InternationalACEI Association of Consulting Engineers of Ireland Executive Board President, Karen Liu. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Margaret Schwartz, Florida Gulf Coast University About FGCUHistoryThe newest university in the State University System of Florida, the school was established by then-governor Lawton Chiles in 1991, although the site of the university wasn't chosen until 1992, and construction pushed back even further still (until , Ft. Myers,displays the Eagles Educate Branch's Week of the ClassroomTeacher/World Teachers" Day "Sweet Ways To RecognizeOutstanding Educators." [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Members of the Florida Local Committee gather to say hello: TundeSzecsi, General Conference Chair; Elia Vazquez-Montilla, Sally Mayberry,Program Chairs; Jessica Essary, ACEI Executive Board StudentRepresentative; and Danielle Paull. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Members of the Florida Local Committee greet the Closing KeynoteSpeaker, Kimberly Oliver, the 2006 National Teacher of the Year The National Teacher of the Year is a professional award in the United States. The program began in 1952, as a project by the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO), and aims to reward excellence in teaching. It is sponsored by ING. . [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Local Committee members Tunde Szecsi and Elia Vazquez-Montillaconverse with the ACEI Opening Keynote Speaker, Jonathan Kozol. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The 2007 Patty Smith Hill Award recipient, Sue Wortham, with herhusband, Marshall Wortham. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Outgoing ACEI President Jeanie Burnett thanks Kimberly Oliver forher inspiring and uplifting speech. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Trestan and Maria Rita Maria Rita (born September 19 1977 in S?o Paulo, Brazil) is the performance name of Maria Rita Mariano, a Brazilian singer. She is the daughter of famed pianist/arranger C��sar Camargo Mariano and the late Brazilian singing legend Elis Regina and sister to Pedro Mariano. D. Lucas proudly display "ReflectiveEducation in the Philippines Education in the Philippines has a similar system to that of the United States, as the Philippines was colonized by the Americans from 1898 to 1946. Filipino children enter public school at about age four, starting from Nursery up to Kindergarten. : Focus on Field Experiences." Theirposter demonstrates how preservice teachers apply new teacher educationcurriculum in the Philippines. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

Bronze Age urban households of the Levant: how do we really know the past?

Bronze Age urban households of the Levant: how do we really know the past? J. DAVID David, in the BibleDavid,d. c.970 B.C., king of ancient Israel (c.1010–970 B.C.), successor of Saul. The Book of First Samuel introduces him as the youngest of eight sons who is anointed king by Samuel to replace Saul, who had been deemed a failure. SCHLOEN. The house of the father as fact and symbol:patrimonialism in Ugarit and the ancient Near East (Studies in theArchaeology and History of the Levant The Levant, is a geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia to the east. 2). xv+414 pages, 30 figures, 17tables. 2001. Winona Lake (IN): Eisenbrauns; 1-57506-907-5 hardback$57.50. EDWARD F. CAMPBELL & G.R.H. WRIGHT. Shechem III: thestratigraphy stratigraphy,branch of geology specifically concerned with the arrangement of layered rocks (see stratification). Stratigraphy is based on the law of superposition, which states that in a normal sequence of rock layers the youngest is on top and the oldest on the & architecture of Shechem/Tell Balatah (2 vols.;American Schools of Oriental Research Archaeological Reports No. 6).xxvii+617 pages, 480 figures. 2002. Boston (MA): American Schools ofOriental Research; 0-89757-062-6 (set), 0-89757-058-8 (Vol. 1),0-89757-061-8 (Vol. 2) $175 & 125 [pounds sterling]. The two works under discussion seem to be at two different ends ofthe spectrum. Schloen's is highly theoretical, but it does refer tothe data before jumping to conclusions; on the other hand, the Shechemvolumes (Campbell's text and Wright's illustrations) are veryempirical being mainly descriptive, and yet they do keep theoreticalproblems in sight. The basic difference lies in their literary genre Noun 1. literary genre - a style of expressing yourself in writingwriting style, genredrama - the literary genre of works intended for the theaterprose - ordinary writing as distinguished from verse :one (Schloen's) is a study, whereas the others are a report. Description or interpretation Schloen's book (based on a PhD thesis with the necessary newmaterial added to transform it into the first part of a plannedtwo-volume work) sets out to examine an important symbol in the NearEast during the Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the , namely that of 'the father'shouse'. Thereby, he purports to undertake a most ambitiousinterdisciplinary approach so as to study long-term socio-historicaldevelopments--something seldom undertaken by students of the ancientNear East. Indeed, Schloen makes use of various sources and methodspertaining to the fields of philosophy, sociology, archaeology, economy,demography, and philology--and all the while he succeeds in remainingfocussed. To his credit, I feel that he has managed to respect thecanons of multiple fields of scholarship without falling into the trapof producing different disconnected sectors. However, his section onphilosophy and social theory is too long, at times not quite crisp, andrather repetitive--the reader must really bravely wade his way throughthis part. Schloen's theoretical stance is 'explicitlyhermeneutical' (p. 29). He is convinced that both the positivist pos��i��tiv��ism?n.1. Philosophya. A doctrine contending that sense perceptions are the only admissible basis of human knowledge and precise thought.b. (processualist) as well as the anti-positivist (post-processualist)positions lack philosophical sophistication so��phis��ti��cate?v. so��phis��ti��cat��ed, so��phis��ti��cat��ing, so��phis��ti��catesv.tr.1. To cause to become less natural, especially to make less naive and more worldly.2. . He falls back on thinkerslike Max Weber Noun 1. Max Weber - United States abstract painter (born in Russia) (1881-1961)Weber2. Max Weber - German sociologist and pioneer of the analytic method in sociology (1864-1920)Weber , Paul Ricoeur Paul Ricœur (February 27, 1913 Valence France – May 20, 2005 Chatenay Malabry France) was a French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutic interpretation. , and Martin Heidegger Noun 1. Martin Heidegger - German philosopher whose views on human existence in a world of objects and on Angst influenced the existential philosophers (1889-1976)Heidegger . When studyingsocieties, the starting point should be the 'subjective meaning ofsocial action' (p. 42) which contrasts sharply with definingculture in terms of 'externally observable patterns ofbehaviour' (p. 42). Thus, when examining an important symbol insociety like that of 'the house of the father', explanatorymodels are possible and legitimate provided that 'an intuitiveunderstanding of motivations ("reasons for acting") mustencompass and integrate every' (p. 18) such model. Such statementscould obviously lead us to ask ourselves how we can get at the'subjective meanings of social action'. To do this we wouldobviously need informants--something which we do not have for antiquity,except by way of textual remains. So, what about the prehistoricperiods? How are we supposed to intuit the motivations of the socialactors in question? it is here that Schloen proposes a distinctionbetween facts and symbols; for him facts mean data, whereas symbolsshould be linked with social 'structure', and this latter taskshould take into account 'linguistically mediated subjectivemeanings' in order to reach its goal (p. 38). For Schloen'facts' relate to prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to , whereas symbols are linked withhistory. In this sense, whether an archaeologist is working in aprehistoric period or not, he would always be a prehistorian as long ashe precludes taking into consideration the motivations of the socialactors concerned. A symbol like that of 'the house of thefather' should be tackled both as a fact via explanation/explanatory models, and as a symbol via understanding. Schloen rightlyinsists that both approaches are to be employed in view of the fact thatMan can also have unconscious 'desires' which motivate him;hence, causes for social action can be explained, whereas the motivesfor this can only be understood. Indeed, following Ricoeur, Schloenclaims that understanding envelops explanation, whilst the latterdevelops understanding (pp. 27-28). I think that all this is fine aslong as one keeps in mind that in reality facts are not identical withthe data; as one philosopher has pointed out, a fact is a conclusion(Lonergan 1958:331, 347, 653). Hence, we do not excavate facts, butdata. Indeed, Schloen's own work (for example, when he shows [p.337] that the small one-holed 'stone anchors' from Ugaritshould be understood as 'pierced weights typically found witholive-oil presses') supports this. The foregoing points lead Schloen to opt for Max Weber's'patrimonial household model' (PHM) in order to account forsuch a symbol as that of 'the house of the father', which wasdominant in ancient Near Eastern society mainly before the firstmillennium BC. One basic structure pervaded such a society: that of thehousehold headed by a patriarch. A particular country was thus viewed asone large household headed by the king with all other households nestedwithin it, with each subject in turn being himself a patriarchal rulerin his own household (p. 67). Hence, just as in modern North African andNear Eastern cities, relationships between members of a household andeven of a quarter in a city were expressed in terms of kinship, therebyshowing that the widely held dichotomy between urban and ruralsettlements is false. A reassessment of the evidence, in the light ofthe PHM, leads Schloen to conclude that Igor Diakonoff's two-sectormodel (and thus also Karl Marx's 'Asiatic Mode ofProduction') is deficient; indeed, the PHM model is also supportedby the fact that at Ugarit, for example, economic texts in'private' archives are similar to those in the'palace' archives. The upshot is that as far as the pre-firstmillennium BC society of the Near East is concerned, we can no longerposit a dichotomy between public and private ownership, city andvillage, and bureaucratic and kinship-based groups. One common threadpervaded everything, namely the patrimonial PATRIMONIAL. A thing, which comes from the father, and by extension, from the mother or other ancestor. regime. That is why thetextual evidence speaks of superiors in terms of fathers/ masters, ofsubordinates in terms of sons/ servants, and of social equals in termsof brothers. Indeed, the word 'house' in ancient Near Easterntexts can indicate 'social groups of widely varying degrees of sizeand complexity' (p. 71). Does the evidence actually confirm this? In general it does;however, there is one aspect which needs to be looked at more closely,namely the question of archaeological research into domesticarchitecture linked with demographic studies. This matter entails theproblem of the application of modern and contemporary results inethnography to antiquity, as well as that of the (often) random andincomplete nature of archaeological evidence (Millard 1991: 21). On thebasis of the wide range of house sizes at Tell Belt Mirsim in Palestine,Schloen concludes 'that both nuclear and joint-family householdsexisted in Iron 11 Israelite cities in the proportions predicted byMediterranean demographic evidence under a system of patrilocal pat��ri��lo��cal?adj. AnthropologyOf or relating to residence with a husband's kin group or clan.pat postmarriage residence' (p. 175). Indeed, this is corroborated bythe evidence from other sites in Palestine such as Tell en-Nasbeh andTell el-Farah (N), where high mortality rates shortened the cycle of thejoint-family transforming it into a nuclear one. However, when oneconsiders the fact that archaeologists of the Levant Levant(ləvănt`)[Ital.,=east], collective name for the countries of the eastern shore of the Mediterranean from Egypt to, and including, Turkey. are not agreed asto whether the famous 'four-room houses' had coveredcourtyards or not, then one would need to be more cautious whencalculating the number of persons living in each domestic unit. AlthoughSchloen does take both possibilities into consideration, this leaves usin the dark as to the actual number of persons who could have lived in agiven domestic unit. Spade is spade This is where the Shechem volumes come in. They constitute a reportof the 'Joint Expedition' (Drew McCormick ArchaeologicalExpedition) at Shechem in northern Palestine between 1956 and 1973. Thisis an excellent report, which is not only very accurate in itspresentation of the data but also extremely candid when it comes topresenting some evidence which Campbell himself classifies as elusive(p. 19). With respect to domestic architecture, Campbell simply calls aspade a spade. Thus, for example, no information on domestic space isoffered with regard to the domestic area discussed on p. 37, for thesimple reason that the evidence is too fragmentary to warrant anyconclusion. On the other hand, when discussing the Middle Bronze IIB IIB Institute for Independent BusinessIIB Institute of International BusinessIIB Institute of International BankersIIB International Investment BankIIB Indian Institute of Banking & FinanceIIB Included in BankruptcyIIB Ice, Ice, Baby southern complex of the acropolis acropolis(əkrŏp`əlĭs)[Gr.,=high point of the city], elevated, fortified section of various ancient Greek cities.TheAcropolis of Athens, a hill c.260 ft (80 m) high, with a flat oval top c. , Campbell interprets the remains ofRoom 8 (in Stratum XIXA) as a 'stone-lined pit with a mortar in thebottom (locus 6.14), no doubt used for grinding grain' (p. 61).Hence, we have a firm conclusion based on the evidence that agriculturalactivity did take place in the city. This tallies with Schloen'sobservations that in Ugarit, despite its being a cosmopolitan city, wehave evidence of urban agriculture; indeed, a great percentage of sickleblades were retrieved from only six houses in the city (p. 335), wherethere were olive-oil presses (p. 337), and where 'stone-linedcompost' pits were used for manure from animals kept in the stablesof houses (p. 340). In fact, the results of Campbell's work often agree with thoseof Schloen. The main difference is that methodologically the two workscomplement each other, with Campbell's starting point being arigorous description of the data retrieved in the field. Hence, the'striated black and grey layer 500' of the Late BronzeAge/Early Iron Age Gate Tower in Shechem's Field I is interpretedvery cautiously by Campbell as being either destruction debris or asbeing 'more likely the residue of an agricultural process [only inArea 16 and Area 17 North]' (p. 173). However, Campbell too is verymuch aware of various theoretical explanations which could account forthe data. Thus, on the basis of a combination of textual and generalarchaeological evidence, he proposes the hypothesis of a'disease-control measure' to account for the multiple'burn deposits' and the many pits which were deliberatelyfilled up (infected material would have been put in the pits which werethen sealed with soil being brought from other pits to create newsurfaces) in Strata XII and XI (pp. 232-3). There is one particular instance where Campbell's conclusionis very similar indeed to that of Schloen mentioned above. Stratum IX inField VII provides very good evidence of domestic units. There are,inter alia [Latin, Among other things.] A phrase used in Pleading to designate that a particular statute set out therein is only a part of the statute that is relevant to the facts of the lawsuit and not the entire statute. , four units, namely A, B, C, and D, with the last threeprobably having had two storeys. Acute observation of the stratigraphyand architecture led Campbell to observe that units A and B had twophases, whilst units C and D (North) had at least three, and that in analley area at the west, doorways had been filled up and cross wallserected. This suggested to him 'either different traffic patternsand perhaps changes in the relationships among the occupants' (p.269). He concludes that units A, B, and C were in fact a cluster ofdwellings for one extended family with yard 18 functioning as a commonentrance. However, the area of each unit, combined with the generallyagreed calculation that each person required ten square meters of livingspace, induced Campbell also to say that units A, B, and D 'couldhave housed a nuclear family' (p. 269). Thus, both Schloen andCampbell agree that domestic space in the ancient Near East was adaptedaccording to whether extended families had been transformed into nuclearones. But since Campbell is dealing with particular cases, he isnecessarily more cautious in his specific statements. The works of both are in fact magisterial mag��is��te��ri��al?adj.1. a. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a master or teacher; authoritative: a magisterial account of the history of the English language.b. , with an enormous amountof interesting data and good documentation. To underscore the fewinevitable flaws of each would be petty. However, Schloen's workleaves me with a question as to what precisely is the role of theory inthe study of antiquity, whereas the volumes by Campbell & Wrightremind me that there are no such things as a pure description or rawdata; indeed, Wright himself wrote that 'the published area planswere less and less a tracing from the feature exposed at one time on theground and more and more the result of subsequent analysis andre-analysis--i.e. they were to an increasing degree office constructionsand reconstructions' (p. 10). That leaves us with two options:either to endorse the self-defeating position that we cannot really knowanything, or to opt for an approach which is empirical, but which doesadmit that one's starting point is not an empty head. If we have awell stocked mind (and this is where critical theory really comes in),then through the self-correcting process of understanding we will beable to understand the data better and verify (by referring back tothem) whether we have understood correctly or not (Lonergan 1958: 252,273-4, 286, 300). If so, then we would have established facts. To readSchloen's book in conjunction with the Shechem volumes is preciselyto have learnt at least this lesson. References LONERGAN, B. 1958. Insight: a study of human understanding (2nded.). London: Longmans, Green. MILLARD, A.R. 1991. Texts and archaeology: weighing theevidence--the case for King Solomon, Palestine Exploration Quarterly The Palestine Exploration Quarterly (abbreviated PEQ) is the main publication of London's Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF), issued (despite the name) twice each year to individual and institutional subscribers and supporters of the Fund. 123: 19-27. Anthony J. Frendo, Department of Arabic & Near Eastern Studies,University of Malta The university also offers postgraduate Doctorates (PhD), but these are somewhat unpopular, with students usually turning to foreign universities when undertaking doctorate-level studies.The rector of the university is currently Professor Juanito Camilleri. , Msida MSD (MicroSoft Diagnostics) A utility that accompanied Windows 3.1 and DOS 6 that reported on the internal configuration of the PC. A variety of information on disks, video, drivers, IRQs and port addresses was provided. 06 Malta GC. (E-mail:anthony.frendo@um.edu.mt)

Bronze-casting and organization of production at Kalnik-Igrisce (Croatia).

Bronze-casting and organization of production at Kalnik-Igrisce (Croatia). Recent excavations at the Late Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the settlement site ofKalnik-Igrisce, northwestern Croatia, have brought to light evidence ofsmall-scale bronze-casting. From that evidence, and the pattern ofsimilar evidence from other sites in the southwestern part of the MiddleDanubian Basin, conclusions can be drawn about circulation of metal andits control by an elite.One key issue in recent discussions of production organization inhierarchical societies is the relationship between craft specialists andthe social elite (Clark & Parry 1990; Costin 1991). Most studiesdistinguish two basic categories of products: utilitarian and prestige.Monopolizing access to prestige items should be of concern to the elite,as these objects define status and legitimize le��git��i��mize?tr.v. le��git��i��mized, le��git��i��miz��ing, le��git��i��miz��esTo legitimate.le��git power. Workshops producingelite goods should be fairly few in number and located in majorsettlements, where they could be supervised by the central authority. Wewould expect them to be operated by a restricted number of mastercraftsmen, 'attached specialists' sponsored by the elite(Brumfiel & Earle 1987: 5). Production of utilitarian items - lesstightly controlled or even left to the individual initiative ofindependent specialists - will be more widespread across the landscape(Wells 1984: 52, 65-70).During the Middle Danubian Late Bronze Age, bronze continued in usefor producing exquisite luxury items, such as bronze vessels, swords,defensive weaponry and elaborate decorative pieces. By that time it isalso common enough to be widely used in agricultural and wood-workingtools, in less ostentatious os��ten��ta��tious?adj.Characterized by or given to ostentation; pretentious. See Synonyms at showy.os decorative elements and for other mundanepurposes.Presently available evidence of metallurgical activities from thesouthwestern part of the Middle Danubian Basin lends general support tothe production model outlined above. New data related to this issuecomes from the Late Bronze Age settlement of Kalnik-Igrisce.Kalnik: the site and the evidence for bronze-castingKalnik is a group of steep wooded hills drained by small rivers, some50 km northeast of Zagreb in northwestern Croatia [ILLUSTRATION FORFIGURE 1 OMITTED]. Elevation varies between 500 and 600 m abovesea-level, reaching the highest point in Vranilac (641 m). The LateBronze Age site of Igrisce is situated directly beneath the main summit,at about 500 m above sea-level, on a 2-km long and 100-200-m wideinclined bench which breaks the steep south-facing slope. The rockysummit ridge protects it from the northern winds, while its positionprovides a controlling view of the wide valley below. Several springsare located in the immediate vicinity (Homen 1988).A series of surface scatters (mostly potsherds, some animal bones,occasional small bronzes) can be observed along the entire length of thebench (Majnaric-Pandzic 1990: 63). A greatly varying density of surfacefinds, as well as their character, suggests that the settlementconsisted of fairly dispersed individual residences. There were not verymany of them, probably a few dozen at most, and possibly less, for somemight have shifted location during the occupation. There is no evidenceof unusually rich or elaborate households, of a 'central area'within the settlement, defensive works, or any other indication ofelite-organized central authority.The excavated area (about 80 sq.m) is situated on a 10-15 [degrees]slope. The upper part of the cultural accumulation containing pottery ofvarious periods and a large quantity of limestone rocks, has beendisturbed by slope wash. The lower part (0.5 to 0.9 m thick) remainslargely in situ In place. When something is "in situ," it is in its original location. , as the well-preserved remains of several substantiallybuilt hearths shows. It contains large quantities of pottery (over 300sherds per cu. m on average), numerous animal bones, as well as smallbronzes. Except for hearths, its general character suggests a householdmidden middendungheap. .By its formal stylistic traits, the pottery belongs to theBaierdorf-Velatice group of the Middle Danubian Urnfield Culture Urnfield cultureLate Bronze Age culture of Europe, so called because its people placed their cremated dead in urns. This culture spread from east-central Europe and northern Italy in the 12th century BC and later to Ukraine, Sicily, Scandinavia, France, and Spain. (Pittioni 1954; 'Zagreb group' after Vinski-Gasparini 1983)which covers the earlier part of the Late Bronze Age, Br D-Ha A2, or13th-11th centuries BC (Muller-Karpe 1959). Two of the four availableradiocarbon determinations support this chronological assignment(Z-2161: 2980[+ or -]70 b.p., or 1307-1062 BC; Z-2163: 2890[+ or -]90b.p., or 1251-921 BC, 1[Sigma] range). The other two might be related tosome later event, either cultural or natural, which left fewarchaeological traces (Z-2162:2650[+ or -]60 b.p., or 832-794 BC;Z-2160:2540[+ or -]60 b.p., or 797-539 BC, 1[Sigma] range) (Srdoc et al.1992: 158-9).The excavation exposed remains of seven hearths made of compactedclay, scattered across the midden in no apparent order, at differentelevations, later hearths sometimes overlying overlyingsuffocation of piglets by the sow. The piglets may be weak from illness or malnutrition, the sow may be clumsy or ill, the pen may be inadequate in size or poorly designed so that piglets cannot escape. the earlier ones[ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 2 OMITTED]. Those better preserved were oval inshape, 1-1.5 m across. Beneath their plastered clay surface was areinforcing layer of potsherds (typologically identical to those foundthroughout the midden) or small angular limestones, intensively burned.There were traces of a clay lip encircling one of the hearths, but theexistence of a substantial superstructure seems highly unlikely.Several categories of evidence suggest that these hearths wereemployed in bronze-casting. Slag occurs in small quantities throughoutthe area, with the highest densities around some better-preservedhearths (Vrdoljak 1992: 79, figure 1).Recovered from the same area were several fragments of bipartitecasting moulds. This type of molud consists of two identical halves madeof stone or clay, locating dowels, pouring cup and a core for shapingthe hollow portion of objects such as socketed axes (Coghlan 1975:53-5). These moulds first came into use in the Middle Danubian Basinduring the Late Copper Age (Durman 1983). They dominated the Late BronzeAge production, when lead was often added to the alloy in order tofacilitate casting by increasing the fluidity of bronze (Tylecote 1976:16). (The presence of galena galena(gəlē`nə)or lead glance,lustrous, blue-gray mineral crystallizing usually in cubes, sometimes in octahedrons. It is the most important ore and the principal source of lead. in Kalnik was confirmed by the geologicalsurvey The term geological survey can be used to describe both the conduct of a survey for geological purposes and an institution holding geological information.A geological survey .)Six of the seven casting moulds from Kalnik were made of light graytuff, one of phyllite phylliteFine-grained metamorphic rock formed by the recrystallization of fine-grained, parent sedimentary rocks, such as mudstones or shales. Phyllite has a marked tendency to split into sheets or slabs; it may have a sheen on its surfaces due to tiny plates of micas. . All exhibit grayish-black stains resulting fromtheir use. They include shapes for a socketed axe with a side-loop, aflat axe, small chisels and a knife [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 3 OMITTED].Due to fragmentation and extensive heat damage, other shapes could notbe identified with certainty.Another peculiar find from the same area is a 'channelledstone' [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 4 OMITTED]. Identical objects havebeen recovered from other central European Late Bronze Age settlements,often associated with artefacts related to metallurgic activities (Horst1986; Bolliger 1987; Smrz 1979). Their specific function remainsunknown.Kalnik-Igrisce also yielded a fair number of small bronze finds (45altogether), mostly plain or simply decorated pins, buttons and sewingneedles (Majnaric-Pandzic 1990: plates 1 & 2). Most show evidence ofuse, many are damaged or fragmented. They are definitely not mis-casts,and could have provided only a very small quantity of scrap metal forre-casting. Casual bronze finds from several locations along the benchprobably also belong to the midden, indicating that bronze was commonenough for small bronze objects to be lost or even discarded.The field evidence suggests that casting of simple bronze objects wasoccasionaly carried out in the activity area exposed at Igrisce. Hearthswould have been adequate for melting scraps of metal in crucibles(Tylecote 1980: 196-7). A low intensity of activity is attested to bythe low density of slag pellets. Occasional stratigraphic stra��tig��ra��phy?n.The study of rock strata, especially the distribution, deposition, and age of sedimentary rocks.strat superpositioning of hearths, with midden accumulation in between,testifies to an intermittent character. And selecting the midden areafor the unpleasant metallurgic activity makes sense.Bronze-casting in northern CroatiaEven though very few of the Late Bronze Age settlements in theCroatian part of the Middle Danubian Basin have been extensivelyexcavated, several have yielded evidence of bronze-working. Judging bythe casting moulds, production was in all of them restricted toutilitarian items and simple decorative pieces [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE5 OMITTED]. Only at Sveti Petar might the evidence indicate moreintensive production: its excavators reported both hearths and furnaces,as well as numerous moulds, including those for spear points. That sitedates to the very end of the Late Bronze Age (Ha B3); it might not bestrictly comparable with the rest (Simek 1979). Similar evidence forcasting of simple bronzes, possibly on a larger scale, comes fromVelemszentvid in neighbouring southwestern Hungary (Miske 1908: plates22-27; Foltiny 1958: 31).While information on regional settlement patterns and the internalstructure of the settlements is still unsatisfactory, it is clear thatsmall-scale metallurgical activity was not restricted to a few sites.Production of utilitarian bronzes was scattered across the landscape,most likely carried out by locally resident part-time specialists. Thequestion of elite control over this production remains open. It couldhave been maintained by restricting the access to the raw material as,apparently, in the Aegean Late Bronze Age (Ventris & Chadwick1956:352-6) (maybe partially circumvented by recycling locally availableold bronzes). Or the observed evidence comes from independentbronze-smiths, satisfying local demand through decentralized exchangemechanisms. Regional stylistic similarities of utilitarian bronzes canbe explained as a consequence of information sharing See data conferencing. , rather thanlong-distance redistribution from centralized workshops. Intensive studyof raw material sources and their circulation is a prerequisite forresolving these issues.There is presently no local evidence of major bronze workshops forprestige bronze items within the discussed region, although such objectsrepeatedly appear in hoards (Vinski-Gasparini 1973). This might be dueto the lack of systematic regional study of settlement sites.Alternatively, central workshops may have been absent from northernCroatia, and the local elite procured prestige items from other parts ofthe Middle Danubian Basin through long-distance exchange.Acknowledgements. Systematic excavations at Igrisce were conductedfrom 1988 to 1990 as a joint project of the Department of Archaeology,University of Zagreb, and the Krizevci Municipal Museum. We wish tothank Nives Majnaric-Pandzic and Zoran Homen for insightful suggestionsand access to the materials, Marta Crnjakovic for petrographic pe��trog��ra��phy?n.The description and classification of rocks.pe��trogra��pher n. analysisof the casting moulds, and Antun Simunic for providing us withgeological information.ReferencesBOLLIGER, S. 1987. Metalverarbeitung, in H. Brem, S. Bolliger &M. Primas (ed.). Eschenz, Insel Werd III: Die romische undspat-bronzezeitliche Besiedlung: 132-46. Zurich: Abteilung fur Ur- undFruhgeschichte der Universitat Zurich.BRUMFIEL, E.M. & T.K. EARLE. 1987. Specialization, exchange, andcomplex societies: an introduction, in E.M. Brumfiel & T.K. Earle(ed.), Specialization, exchange, and complex societies: 1-9. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). .CLARK, J.E. & W.J. PARRY. 1990. Craft specialization and culturalcomplexity, in B.L. Isaac (ed.), Research in economic anthropology Economic anthropology is a scholarly field that attempts to explain human economic behavior using the tools of both economics and anthropology. It is practiced by anthropologists and has a complex relationship with economics. 32:289-346. Greenwich (CT): JAI JAI Java Advanced ImagingJAI Justice et Affaires Interi��ures (French: Justice and Home Affairs)JAI Journal of ASTM InternationalJAI Just An IdeaJAI Jazz Alliance InternationalJAI Joint Africa Institute Press.COGHLAN, H.H. 1975. Notes on the prehistoric metallurgy of copper andbronze in the Old World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OccasionalPapers on Technology 4.COSTIN, C.L. 1991. Craft specialization: issues in refining,documenting, and explaining the organization of production, in M.Schiffer (ed.), Archaeological method and theory 3: 1-56. Tucson (AZ):University of Arizona (body, education) University of Arizona - The University was founded in 1885 as a Land Grant institution with a three-fold mission of teaching, research and public service. Press.DURMAN, A. 1983. Metalurgija vucedolskog kulturnog kompleksa,Opuscula Archaeologica (Zagreb) 8: 1-87.FOLTINY, S. 1958. Velemszentvid, ein urzeitliches Kulturzentrum inMitteleuropa. Vienna: Osterreichischen Arbeitgemeinschaft fur Ur- undFruhgeschichte.FORENBAHER, S. In press. Trade and exchange in Late Bronze and EarlyIron Age Croatia, in B. Hansel han��sel?n. & v.Variant of handsel. (ed.), Handel, Tausch und Verkehr imbronze- und fruheisenzeitlichen Sudosteuropa. Berlin.HOMEN Z. 1988. Kalnik-Igrisce, Late Bronze Age Settlement, Arheoloskipregled (1987): 63-4.HORST, F. 1986. Die Jungbronzezeitliche Kannelurensteine desmitteleuropaischen Raums - Werkzeuge fur die Bronzeverarbeitung?Helvetia Archaeologica 17 (Heft 67): 82-91.MAJNARIC-PANDZIC, N. 1990. Ljevaonica broncanih predmeta ukasnobroncanodobnom naselju na Kalniku kod Krizevaca, Opusculaarchaeologica (Zagreb) 16:57-73.MISKE, K. 1908. Die prahistorische Ansiedelung Velem St. Vid. 1:Beschreibung der Raubbaufunde. Vienna.MULLER-KARPE, H. 1959. Beitrage zur Chronologie der Urnenfelderzeitnordlich und sudlich der Alpen. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.PITTIONI, R. 1954. Urgeschichte des osterreichischen Raumes. Vienna:Franz Deuticke.SIMEK, M. 1979. Sv. Petar Ludbreski - nalaz metalurske radionice,Podravski zbornik (1987): 106-119.SMRZ, Z. 1979. Eine Hohensiedlung der Knovizer Kultur auf dem SpicakBerg bei Mikulovice, Archeologicke Rozhledy 31: 27-53.SRDOC, D., N. HORVATINCIC, I. KRAJCAR BRONIC & B. OBELIC. 1992.Rudjer Bos kovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements XII, Radiocarbon 34:155-75.TYLECOTE, R. F. 1976. A History of Metallurgy. London: Society ofMetals.1980. Furnaces, crucibles, and slags, in T.A. Wertime & J.D.Muhley (ed.), The coming of the age of iron: 183-228. New Haven New Haven,city (1990 pop. 130,474), New Haven co., S Conn., a port of entry where the Quinnipiac and other small rivers enter Long Island Sound; inc. 1784. Firearms and ammunition, clocks and watches, tools, rubber and paper products, and textiles are among the many (CT):Yale University Yale University,at New Haven, Conn.; coeducational. Chartered as a collegiate school for men in 1701 largely as a result of the efforts of James Pierpont, it opened at Killingworth (now Clinton) in 1702, moved (1707) to Saybrook (now Old Saybrook), and in 1716 was Press.VENTRIS, M. & J. CHADWICK. 1956. Documents in Mycenean Greek.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.VINSKI-GASPARINI, K. 1973. Kultura polja sa zarama u sjevernojHrvatskoj. Zadar: Filozofski fakultet.1983. Kultura polja sa zarama sa svojim grupama, in A. Benac (ed.),Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja 4: 547-647. Sarajevo: Svjetlost &Akademija nauka i umijetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine.VRDOLJAK, S. 1990. Nalazi kalupa s lokaliteta Kalnik-Igrisce kaoprimjer metalurske djelatnosti kasnog broncanog doba u sjeverozapadnojHrvatskoj, Opuscula archaeologica (Zagreb) 16: 75-87.WELLS, P.S. 1984. Farms, villages and cities: commerce and urbanorigins in the Late Prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to . Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Cornell University,mainly at Ithaca, N.Y.; with land-grant, state, and private support; coeducational; chartered 1865, opened 1868. It was named for Ezra Cornell, who donated $500,000 and a tract of land. With the help of state senator Andrew D. Press.Snjezana Vrdoljak, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy,University of Zagreb, Ivana Lucica 3, 41000 Zagreb, Croatia. StasoForenbaher, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University,Dallas TX 75275-0336, USA.

Brother Bartholomew and the Apple Grove

Brother Bartholomew and the Apple Grove Brother Bartholomew Bar��thol��o��mew? , Saint Sometimes called Na��than��aelOne of the 12 Apostles. According to tradition, he visited India and Ethiopia and was martyred in Armenia. And The Apple Grove Jan Cheripko & Kestutis Kasparavicius Boyds Mills Press 815 Church St., Honesdale, PA 18431 www.boydsmillspress.com 1590780965 $15.95 1-877-512-8366 Kids ages 6 and older will relish this story of a monastery monasteryLocal community or residence of a religious order, particularly an order of monks. Christian monasteries originally developed in Egypt, where the monks first lived as isolated hermits and then began to coalesce in communal groups. whichmakes applesauce to make ends meet, helped by the careful attendance ofBrother Bartholomew to the apple grove. His aging is causing him to beforgetful and to not mend the fence which helps guard the apples, sowhen the younger Brother Wiki is aware of the following uses of "'Younger Brother": Younger Brother (music group) Younger Brother (Trinity House) - a title within the British organisation, Trinity House Stephen Stephen,1097?–1154, king of England (1135–54). The son of Stephen, count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of William I of England, he was brought up by his uncle, Henry I of England, who presented him with estates in England and France and enters the monastery and covets thetask, convinced he can do better, the elderly Brother faces a bigchallenge. Will God continue to provide, as he believes?

Brother[R] International Corporation. (Shop Talk).

Brother[R] International Corporation. (Shop Talk). The Backster[TM] Multi-Finisher from BROTHER[R] INTERNATIONALCORPORATION is ideal for finishing photos and artwork, as well as makingstickers and magnets. Designed to accept paper items up to 5 inches wideand up to banner length, the Backster requires no electricity to operateand utilizes a safe, no-heat technology when in operation. It alsoallows you to turn your photos and artwork into acid-free,re-positionable stickers or acid-free, permanent stickers. Other optionsallow you to cover items with double-side laminate laminate,n a thin slice of porcelain or plastic fabricated in a dental lab, which is cemented to the front of the teeth to cover gaps, whiten stained teeth, or reshape chipped or broken teeth. or to laminate oneside and apply an adhesive adhesive,substance capable of sticking to surfaces of other substances and bonding them to one another. The term adhesive cement is sometimes used in place of adhesive, especially when referring to a synthetic adhesive. or magnetic backing to the other. TheBackster enables you to finish your projects without goo, mess, fumes fumesodorous gases and other volatile materials; inhalation of irritating fumes causes coughing and, if sufficiently severe, irreversible pulmonary edema. orvapors. For information, call (877) 276-BROTHER or circle No. 398 on theArts & Activities Reader Service Card.

Brozezeitliche Depotfunde aus Transkarpatien.

Brozezeitliche Depotfunde aus Transkarpatien. JOSIP V. KOBAL'. Brozezeitliche Depotfunde aus Transkarpatien(Ukraine) (Prahistorische Bronzefunde 20:4). viii+236 pages, I figure, 4tables, 114 plates. 2000. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner; 3-515-07182-2hardback DM/SF170 & Sch1241. Dr KLASSEN has conducted a detailed assessment of early coppergoods in the western Baltic region For other uses, see Baltic (disambiguation).The Baltic region is an ambiguous term that refers to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea. . He bases the investigation on thegreat chemical and statistical search, by the Stuttgart team andcolleagues, for `clusters' of products and their sources. Hereviews the chronology of the `clusters' with attention toparticular districts and then to 113 sites and, where known, the detailsof context, before turning to assess the chronologies of types of tool.In the last part of the book, Dr KLASSEN broadens the enquiry toconsider processes of introduction and the social and functionalcontexts of early metal tools and of the stone imitations. Withattention to the wider continental context, he distinguishes threephases in the adoption of copper tools and smithing. There is asubstantial summary in Danish. Dr LIVERSAGE, who is critical of the methods of `the Stuttgartschool', has studied the results of chemical analyses (by P.Northover) of 651 samples from Denmark dating from the Early Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the to the pre-Roman Iron Age. Bronze `was big business in the BronzeAge', he concludes (p. 85), arguing that certain lodes of copperwere heavily exploited (and see the following title). He acknowledgesthat smelting can affect composition but considers that the consistencyof his results from such a large sample does indicate the mines. DrLIVERSAGE compares his Danish patterns with data from other parts ofEurope. Certain materials remain to be provenanced, including oneintroduced during the Iron Age. Dr PARE's book comprises 18 papers, opening with a long reviewof his own on `the transition to total bronze use' (quoting HughMcKerrel). Although copper had long been used in the east, Britain wasthe first country with `total use' -- and here the`transition' was very quick. Comparing the Middle East and otherparts of Europe, PARE Pa��r��, Ambroise 1517?-1590.French surgeon who made numerous improvements to operating methods, including the ligature of arteries rather than cauterization. suggests that this innovation owed to theavailability of tin and to widespread networks of exchange. He is inagreement with Dr LIVERSAGE that copper was supplied on a large scalebut goes on, in a move like Dr PRICE's argument for`ideology', to consider bronze as currency. He assesses linkagesacross Europe with the Aegean and the principle of diffusion from theMiddle East. The accompanying papers range from technical studies (twoon lead isotope data), to studies of technological organization (miningand distribution), and weights (three papers), discussions of symbolism(e.g., `ritual violence in ... hoards', Minoan inheritance, R.Harrison & A. Mederos and M. Diaz-Andreu & I. Montero mon��te��ro?n. pl. mon��te��rosA hunter's cap with side flaps.[Spanish, hunter, from monte, mountain, from Latin m onsymbolism of material culture in Spain), and a case study of the supplyof copper to Frattesina (M. Pearce). Dr KOBAL' has collated the evidence of Bronze Age hoards fromthe western Ukraine Western Ukraine may refer to: Generally, the territories in the West of Ukraine West Ukrainian National Republic West Ukraine, the Ukrainian part of Kresy , and compares them with hoards from neighbouringcountries. The body of his report is a detailed review of types ofartefact See artifact. , accompanied by a catalogue and illustrations.

Brunei Darussalam news.

Brunei Darussalam news. On Wednesday-Thursday 8-9 March 2006 a seminar was held at theInternational Convention Centre in Berakas on Relations between Brunei(Negara Brunei Darussalam from 1984) and the United Kingdom during thelast hundred years. Eighteen papers were presented. Guests at theseminar included Professor Dr. Haji Hassan A. Panawidan, Chancellor ofMindanao State University The Mindanao State University was created under Philippine Republic Act 1387 established at Marawi City on September 1, 1961. It is one of the state universities of the Philippines with the aim of providing education for the different strategic locations across the island , Marawi City The Islamic City of Marawi is a 3rd class city in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. It is the capital city of Lanao del Sur. Marawi City is bounded on the west by Marantao and Saguiaran, on the east by Bubong and Ditsaan Ramain, on the north by Kapai and Saguiran, and on (A. V. M. Horton). The South-East Asian Regional Branch of the International Councilon Archives (SARBICA) held its fifteenth General Conference and Seminaron Archives and Education and sixteenth Executive Board Meeting inNegara Brunei Darussalam on 9-11 May 2006 with the theme "Archiveand Education: Learning Society" (A. V. M. Horton). In June 2006 it was reported that Brooketon Colliery Brooketon Colliery was one of the coal mines in Brunei. It is no longer in production and has reverted to its natural state (i.e. overgrown with secondary forest). Coordinates: had beengazetted under the Antiquities and Treasure Trove TREASURE TROVE. Found treasure. 2. This name is given to such money or coin, gold, silver, plate, or bullion, which having been hidden or concealed in the earth or other private place, so long that its owner is unknown, has been discovered by accident. Act 1967 (assubsequently amended). The spot is to be converted into an "opensite" museum and there is a proposal to turn it into a touristcenter and heritage park. Since January 2006 the Museums Department hasgazetted sixteen sites under the Act, including several tombs ofsultans, the clock tower in the capital, and the "house of twelveroofs," i.e., the former British Residency building (A. V. M.Horton). A Novel-Writing Workshop was held at the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Malay for The Institute of Language and Literature) (abbreviated DBP) is the government body responsible for coordinating the use of the Malay language in Malaysia and Brunei. on 21-22 June 2006 attended by thirty enthusiasts (BBO BBO Board of Bar OverseersBBO Bridge Base OnlineBBO Beta-Barium BorateBBO Billion Barrels of OilBBO Best Bid OfferBBO Big Bang Observer (NASA)BBO Buy-Build-OperateBBO Bureau Beleidsbe?nvloeding Ontwikkelingssamenwerking Th.22.6.2006:h25.htm). The Year of the Turtle was launched in Negara Brunei Darussalam onFriday 21 April 2006 at Meragang Beach with the release of ten adultturtles and forty hatchlings. A National Committee on Management andConservation of Sea Turtles, formed in 2000, had devised an action planto strengthen the enforcement and control of the harvesting and sellingof turtle eggs locally. The project aimed at the maintenance ofbiodiversity and the protection of turtle nesting sites. Sea turtles areprotected under the Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies endangered species,any plant or animal species whose ability to survive and reproduce has been jeopardized by human activities. In 1999 the U.S. government, in accordance with the U.S. of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), to which the sultanate has beensignatory since 1990 (A. V. M. Horton).

Bryony Coles. Beavers in Britain's Past (WARP Occasional Paper 19).

Bryony Coles. Beavers in Britain's Past (WARP Occasional Paper 19). BRYONY bryony:see gourd. COLES. Beavers in Britain's Past (WARP Occasional Paper19). x+242 pages, 158 illustrations. 2006. Oxford: Oxbow;978-1-84217-2261 paperback 40 [pounds sterling]. Demographic change, settlement geography and archaeology, analysisof domestic, industrial and transportation structures, the nature ofenvironmental exploitation and impact, sociality, and material culture.Added to this there is plenty about humans too. In common with many others I was aware of Bryony Coles'interest in beavers in British prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to , but less aware of the breadthand depth of the research being undertaken. This volume brings togethermore than twenty years' thinking, research and fieldwork on thetopic and provides a wonderful range of material on the European beaver(Castor fiber). The approach is also refreshingly novel, in that it isinitially largely centred around beavers as agents in the landscape andhow their activities may have overlapped with, or even exploited, humanactivities, rather than more narrowly upon beavers as a resource{whether for food, ornamentation ornamentationIn music, the addition of notes for expressive and aesthetic purposes. For example, a long note may be ornamented by repetition or by alternation with a neighboring note (“trill”); a skip to a nonadjacent note can be filled in with the intervening or fur) used by humans, although thelatter is also more than adequately covered in later chapters. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The first chapter consists of an overview of the ecology of theEuropean beaver and its distribution through the Quaternary quaternary/qua��ter��nary/ (kwah��ter-nar?e)1. fourth in order.2. containing four elements or groups.qua��ter��nar��yadj.1. Consisting of four; in fours. . Whilerelatively short, and based largely on synthesising other sources, Isuspect that this chapter in itself will become a standard reference. Italso provides the first indication that the widespread belief thatCastor fiber is not a dam-builder, unlike its North American North Americannamed after North America.North American blastomycosissee North American blastomycosis.North American cattle ticksee boophilusannulatus. cousin(Castor canadensis) is mistaken. On this matter Chapters 2 and 3 providemore than enough evidence. With the presentation of results fromfieldwork and survey of modern populations in France, quite wonderfulinsights into the extent of beaver activity on stream systems, and theinfluence of that activity on the wider landscape, emerge. At Keriou(Brittany), for example, a single beaver territory (2 adults, maybe somesub-adults) contained 4 lodges and 14 dams. There were associated pondsand flooded areas, dam by-pass channels, underground beaver tunnels, andoverground O´ver`ground´a. 1. Situated over or above ground; as, the overgroundportion of a plant s>. beaver-built canals. All this in only a 750m stretch of riverand in the 30 years since beaver were re-introduced to the area. Insoutheastern France on the River Drome a 900m stretch contained 30 damsand ponded back around 30 times more water than would be expected undera normal flow regime, this achieved in only 15 years. The archaeologicalstyle distribution mapping of beaver structures, the planning ofrepresentative structures and of channel forms within beaver territoriesimpress as much as the factual content of the text and provide animportant baseline for the potential archaeological record of beaveractivity covered in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 focuses upon the human exploitation of beaver resourcesor beaver-modified landscapes. Here it is evident that beavers were notjust a potential source of food or fur but also that their territoriescould in addition have provided human populations with readily availablekindling, firewood, 'coppice' poles and ponds stocked withfish and waterfowl waterfowl,common term for members of the order Anseriformes, wild, aquatic, typically freshwater birds including ducks, geese, and screamers. In Great Britain the term is also used to designate species kept for ornamental purposes on private lakes or ponds, while in . Dams could also have been used as'natural' crossing points. An interesting observation is thatbeaver 'canals' just might have inspired later humanengineering works on floodplains. Chapters 5 to 12 look at the possible archaeological evidence ofbeaver activity in the British Isles over the last 15,000 years. Usingthe modern structures and plans as a guide, the case for features atsites such as at Thatcham (Mesolithic) and West Cotton (Neolithic) beingpossible beaver structures is carefully and fully explored. It isapparent that from the Neolithic to the Iron Age the evidence for beavershifts away from beaver 'structures' and toward beaverremains, particularly their striking incisors, as tools orornamentation. Throughout the possibility that archaeological excavationmight have created a bias is fully acknowledged. Interestingly evidencefor beaver is scant during the Roman period. The possibility is raisedthat this may actually be due to the relative invisibility of beaver atthat time, rather than actual decline. As is also discussed elsewhere inthe volume beaver are adaptive, and will only build lodges and dams whenstream or river conditions require deepening of water. For the historic period (Chapters 10-12) beaver place names areconsidered, as are documentary and other sources. In terms of humanperception beaver emerges here as first a source of high status food andfelt and later as a pest, for which a bounty would be paid. Thepersecution was effective, leading to the last recorded case of a bountypaid for a beaver pelt peltthe undressed, raw skin of a wild animal with the fur in place. If from a sheep or goat there is a short growth of wool or mohair on the skin. in Yorkshire in the year 1789, a final recordsubstantially later than that generally accepted as the extinction datefor beaver in Britain. This review can only cover so much ground; there is much, much moreof value in this book. The text, plans and photographs combine toproduce an impressive volume. We need similar books for other mammalstoo. PAUL DAVIES Quaternary Research Unit, Bath Spa University HistoryThe institution can trace its roots back to 1898. It was formed as Bath College of Higher Education by the merger of two colleges in 1975. In 1992, the college was granted its own degree-awarding powers and in 1999 adopted the name , UK (Email: p.davies@bathspa.ac.uk)

Bubblegum Books.

Bubblegum Books. Bubblegum bub��ble��gum?n. also bubble gum1. Chewing gum that can be blown into bubbles.2. Slang A style of popular music designed to appeal to adolescents, characterized by bouncy rhythms and a generally cheerful tone. Books PO Box 94106, Cleveland Cleveland, former county, EnglandCleveland,former county, NE England, created under the Local Government Act of 1972 (effective 1974). It was composed of the county boroughs of Hartlepool and Teeside and parts of the former counties of Durham and , OH 44101 1-877-471-5718 bubblegumbooks.com Children's author Julie Goulis teams up with artist andillustrator John Ferguson John Ferguson may refer to one of the following:Sports John Ferguson, Sr. (1938-2007), Canadian ice hockey player John Ferguson, Jr. (born 1967), General Manager of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League in two outstanding Picturebooks for childrenfrom Bublegum Books. The Things A String Can Be (0975462105, $14.99) isthe story of a little boy named Sam (1) (Security Accounts Manager) The part of Windows NT that manages the database of usernames, passwords and permissions. A SAM resides in each server as well as in each domain controller. See PDC and trust relationship. who uses his imagination to turn anordinary bit of string into a series of extraordinary adventures.Something Shiny, Something Round (0975462113, $14.99) finds Sam and hisfriends turning an ordinary automobile hubcap into imaginative playtimeprops prop?1?n.1. An object placed beneath or against a structure to keep it from falling or shaking; a support.2. One that serves as a means of support or assistance.tr.v. in adventures that conclude in a lesson on responsibility. Both ofthese superbly created picturebooks for young readers ages 3 to 7 areenhanced with a free activity guideline/lessons planner at the end oftheir stories that are fun and educational complements for a number ofscenarios from the books. Things A String Can Be and Something Shiny,Something Round are picturebook springboards for young imaginations longafter the books have been read and returned to school and communitylibrary shelves.

Buch is finalist in worldwide competition.

Buch is finalist in worldwide competition. Brian Buch, who won first prize in the 2007 MTNA MTNA Music Teachers National AssociationMTNA Middle Tennessee Nursery Association (McMinnville, Tennessee)Young ArtistsComposition Competition, has been named one of the finalists in the 2007Queen Elisabeth Composition Competition in Brussels, Belgium. Buch, a senior at Indiana University Indiana University,main campus at Bloomington; state supported; coeducational; chartered 1820 as a seminary, opened 1824. It became a college in 1828 and a university in 1838. The medical center (run jointly with Purdue Univ. in Bloomington, Indiana, isthe son of Bruce and Hedy Buch. A native of Westborough, Massachusetts,he has been studying composition for four years under Alia Cohen cohenor kohen(Hebrew: “priest”) Jewish priest descended from Zadok (a descendant of Aaron), priest at the First Temple of Jerusalem. The biblical priesthood was hereditary and male. . Buch's piece, "Prayer for an Unnamed Grave," was oneof five scores selected from 165 compositions on five continents. At 22,Buch is the youngest finalist and the only composer from the westernhemisphere. The other finalists are from China, Italy, France and Spain. The Queen Elisabeth Competition, a founding member of the WorldFederation of International Music Competitions The World Federation of International Music Competitions (WFIMC) is an organization based in Geneva, Switzerland that maintains a network of the internationally recognized organisations that aim to discover the most promising young talents in classical music through public , has been considered oneof the most prestigious in the world since its founding. For more information, visit http://newsinfo.iu.edu.

Buckamoo Girls.

Buckamoo Girls. Buckamoo Girls Ellen A. Kelley, author; Tom Curry Tom Curry (born 1 September 1894 in South Shields; died 6 February 1958 in Munich) was the trainer for Manchester United F.C.He played for Newcastle United as a half-back, making 221 appearances in the 1920s, and scoring 5 goals. , illustrator Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 115 West 18th Street, New York New York, state, United StatesNew York,Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , NY 10011 0810954710 $15.95 www.abramsbooks.com 1-800-759-0190 Imaginative author Ellen A. Kelley and award-willing illustrator Tom Curry present Buckamoo Girls, a children's picturebook about a pair of ordinary cows who dream about being a "cowgirl" team in the Old West. A bouncy rhyme rhymeor rime,the most prominent of the literary artifices used in versification. Although it was used in ancient East Asian poetry, rhyme was practically unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans. complements the exuberant exuberant/ex��u��ber��ant/ (eg-zoo��ber-ant) copious or excessive in production; showing excessive proliferation. ex��u��ber��antadj.Proliferating or growing excessively. , colorful illustrations of the Buckamoo Girls' exploits, from square dancing to rodeo rustling to singing by campfire and moonlight. A wonderfully upbeat and carefree picturebook. "Yer cowgirl ride / sets with the sun. / You were cowgirls / jest fer fun!"

2007 Annual Conference--Tampa, Florida.

2007 Annual Conference--Tampa, Florida. The photo essay at the right captures some of the many highlightsof the 2007 ACEI ACEI Angiotensin Converting Enzyme InhibitorACEI Association for Childhood Education InternationalACEI Association of Consulting Engineers of Ireland Annual Conference and Exhibition in Tampa, Florida “Tampa” redirects here. For other uses, see Tampa (disambiguation).Tampa is a United States city in Hillsborough County, on the west coast of Florida. It serves as the county seat for Hillsborough County.GR6. , May2-5. This year's conference theme was "Education forTransformation: Impact on the Children of the World." The AnnualConference is the one opportunity each year that most of us have to meetface to face with ACEI friends and colleagues and, in so many caring andfulfilling ways, renew our steadfast commitment to the child-centeredgoals and purposes of the Association that, since 1892, have served toguide the work of ACEI members worldwide and the Headquarters Staff. After a full day packed with more than 250 truly outstanding andhighly informative sessions and workshops, the Annual Conferenceofficially began with the Opening General Session featuring JonathanKozol, activist and author. His presentation, titled "Inequities inEducation," focused on the fight against privatizing schools; hisconcern about the physical isolation and segregation of children inschool, which Kozol says has reached its highest point since 1968; theneed for better school environments and smaller classes; and the loss ofrecess. Kozol urged politicians in Washington to go into the classroomeach year to learn, firsthand first��hand?adj.Received from the original source: firsthand information.first , what teachers and students must deal withon a daily basis. He proclaimed, "All of our children are equal inthe eyes of God but not in the eyes of America.... Entirely too muchtime, the past 10 years," Kozol said, "has been spent tryingto make do with what we've got ... and it's not working." The many outstanding presentations and special committee-sponsoredsessions on the Conference Program included the following, to name justa few: "The Convention on the Rights of the Child The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, often referred to as CRC or UNCRC, is an international convention setting out the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of children. : Promoting U.S.Ratification The confirmation or adoption of an act that has already been performed.A principal can, for example, ratify something that has been done on his or her behalf by another individual who assumed the authority to act in the capacity of an agent. ," a special session on practical ways to promote U.S.ratification through education about children's rights The opportunity for children to participate in political and legal decisions that affect them; in a broad sense, the rights of children to live free from hunger, abuse, neglect, and other inhumane conditions. ; "ThoseWere the Days: Bringing History to Life Through Literature," anexploration of the many ways in which history and literacy gohand-in-hand; "Writing for Professional Publication: GettingStarted," a demonstration of the step-by-step process for thoseinterested in getting their ideas published in professional journals andmagazines; and "Child Protection: International Perspectives,"a highly informative session at which attendees were invited to discusschild protection in their respective countries and educational settings.The group focused on the elimination of all forms of discrimination andviolence against the girl child. More information about each of theseand other presentations at the Conference can be found at www.acei.org. Conferees enjoyed a wide variety of special events or functions,including the Opening Gala Reception/Florida Night, which featured atour of the Henry B. Plant Museum The Henry B. Plant Museum is located in the south wing of Plant Hall (formerly the Tampa Bay Hotel) on the University of Tampa’s campus, at 401 West Kennedy Boulevard. at the University of Tampa The University of Tampa, or UT, is a private, co-educational university in downtown Tampa, Florida. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2006, the University celebrated its 75th anniversary. ; anInternational "Meet and Greet" Reception; and Infancy/EarlyChildhood Special Committee-sponsored session on "School Readiness:Addressing Global Concerns for Child-Centered Programs." Inaddition, the World Organization for the Education of Children (OMEP OMEP Organisation Mondiale pour l'Education Pr��scolaire (French: World Organization for Early Childhood Education)OMEP Organizaci��n Mundial para la Educaci��n Preescolar )sponsored a breakfast meeting titled, "World OMEP: A LeadingAdvocate for the Convention on the Rights of the Child." Conferenceparticipants also had the opportunity to learn more about how they caninfluence the future of the world's children at a session titled"Global Perspectives on Early Childhood Care and Education"sponsored by the Global Guidelines Task Force, Belinda Hardin, Chair.The Closing General Session on the final day of the Conference was areal treat, giving us an opportunity to hear a wonderful keynote address keynote addressn.An opening address, as at a political convention, that outlines the issues to be considered. Also called keynote speech.Noun 1. by Kimberly Oliver, 2006 National Teacher of the Year--a strongproponent One who offers or proposes.A proponent is a person who comes forward with an a item or an idea. A proponent supports an issue or advocates a cause, such as a proponent of a will. PROPONENT, eccl. law. for quality teaching and improved student learning. The Annual Conference and Exhibition affords ACEI members, and manyothers who share our vision for children, a wonderful opportunity tocome together to exchange information and present new ideas "New Ideas" is the debut single by Scottish New Wave/Indie Rock act The Dykeenies. It was first released as a Double A-side with "Will It Happen Tonight?" on July 17, 2006. The band also recorded a video for the track. . It is thetime that we look forward to each year, a time to enjoy the company ofour many friends and colleagues worldwide. Thanks to the hard work anddedication of people like Tunde Szecsi, who served as General ConferenceChair; Sally Mayberry, Program Chair; Ella Vazquez-Montilla, CarolynSpillman, Gwyn Senokossoff, and Danielle Paull, Florida ConferenceCommittee; and Lisa Wenger, ACEI Director of Conferences, the 2007Annual Conference was an important center for international exchange. Wealso recognize the outstanding contribution of the Program ReviewCommittee and many volunteers. Now we turn our attention to Atlanta, Georgia, site of the 2008Annual Conference. Those involved in planning next year's meetinghave been busy working just as hard to ensure that everyone whoparticipates in ACEI's Annual Conference has a rewarding andenjoyable experience. I sincerely hope that all of you can join us March26-29, 2008, at the Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel The Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel is a skyscraper and hotel in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, adjacent to the Peachtree Center complex. It is 220 meters (723 feet) tall, and rises 73 stories from ground level. Its diameter is 188 ft (57 m). . The theme of theConference is "Beyond Standards: Reaching Every Child'sPotential." --Jerry Odland, Executive Director

Bucky the time-binding beaver.

Bucky the time-binding beaver. [This chapter from Levinson s Practical Fairy Tales for EverydayLiving (iUniverse, 2007) demonstrates that human progress occurs becausewe can pass information across generations.] Once upon a time, in the far-off hamlet of Beaverton, Oregon, alovely little community situated midway between majestic Mount Hood andthe spectacular Oregon coast, there lived a beaver named Bucky who wasin the construction business. Bucky's specialty was erecting dams,specifically beaver dams. These barriers help to create the deep waterthat is needed for winter food storage. Beavers have been putting updams the same way for thousands of years and they are pretty good at it. One fine spring day, a Harvard zoology professor by the name of Dr.Donald Griffin came to Beaverton. He wanted to capture a beaver for anexperiment that involved attaching a human cerebrum cerebrum:see brain. cerebrumLargest part of the brain. The two cerebral hemispheres consist of an inner core of myelinated nerve fibres, the white matter, and a heavily convoluted outer cortex of gray matter (see cerebral cortex). to a beaver brain.He was curious what would happen. (Griffin thought beavers were prettyclever critters. He was constantly telling his students, "When wethink of the kinds of animal behavior that suggest conscious thinking,the beaver comes naturally to mind.") Bucky was sitting on a log, happily munching a water lily tuber tuber,enlarged tip of a rhizome (underground stem) that stores food. Although much modified in structure, the tuber contains all the usual stem parts—bark, wood, pith, nodes, and internodes. andflapping his tail, when Griffin and a group of fellow zoologicalresearchers surrounded him. They anesthetized a��nes��the��tizealso a��naes��the��tize ?tr.v. a��nes��the��tized, a��nes��the��tiz��ing, a��nes��the��tiz��esTo induce anesthesia in.a��nes the hapless mammal, puthim in a bag, and took him to a laboratory at Oregon StateUniversity--the home of the Beavers. On a table there, Griffindelicately attached a human cerebrum onto Bucky's brain. When the operation was over, and the anesthetic had worn off,Griffin asked Bucky how he felt. Bucky responded, "I've got abit of a headache, but other than that I feel fine. How did the Beaversdo today? Did they beat UCLA UCLA University of California at Los AngelesUCLA University Center for Learning Assistance (Illinois State University)UCLA University of Carrollton, TX and Lower Addison, TX ?" Bucky quickly became a highly visible TV talk-show guest, appearingon ABC ABCin full American Broadcasting Co.Major U.S. television network. It began when the expanding national radio network NBC split into the separate Red and Blue networks in 1928. , NBC NBCin full National Broadcasting Co.Major U.S. commercial broadcasting company. It was formed in 1926 by RCA Corp., General Electric Co. (GE), and Westinghouse and was the first U.S. company to operate a broadcast network. , CBS (Cell Broadcast Service) See cell broadcast. , FOX, CNN CNNor Cable News NetworkSubsidiary company of Turner Broadcasting Systems. It was created by Ted Turner in 1980 to present 24-hour live news broadcasts, using satellites to transmit reports from news bureaus around the world. , MSNBC MSNBC Microsoft/National Broadcasting Company , and CSPAN CSPAN Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network (that station featured histestimony to a Congressional subcommittee on animal rights). In flyingaround the country to do TV interviews, Bucky was amazed by thediversity of human architecture that he saw. He discussed hisastonishment on CNN with Larry King. The following is from a transcriptof that show. Larry: What did you do for a living before your brain operation,Bucky? Bucky: I was in the construction business, Larry. Mostlydam-building. Larry: How was that working out for you? Bucky: Not bad. I wasn't the best dam builder in the world butI built some pretty good dams. I took a CNN news crew out to one lastweek. Larry: What do you think the major difference is between beaver andhuman architecture? Bucky: I've been pondering that very question, Larry. Ibelieve the biggest difference is that your species improves itsedifices and structures with every generation, while beavers just keepbuilding the same damn dams. Larry: Alfred Korzybski, the originator of general semantics, madethe same observation. This is how he figured it. He said humans are a"time-binding" class of life that uses language and othersymbols to transmit information across time. This enables eachgeneration to start where the last one left off. He labeled animals a"space-binding" class of life that transforms energy intomovement through space. Space-binders can't transmit informationacross time because they lack symbolic means of communication. Bucky: Well, I wish my space-binding beaver friends would evolve abit so they could imitate their time-binding homo-sapien cousins. Larry: Who knows? Maybe in a few thousand millennia they will. Inthe meantime Adv. 1. in the meantime - during the intervening time; "meanwhile I will not think about the problem"; "meantime he was attentive to his other interests"; "in the meantime the police were notified"meantime, meanwhile , because humans possess a quarter-inch of cerebral cortex,we remain on the top rung of the evolutionary ladder. Bucky: Nicely put, Larry. Did you come up with that idea on yourown? Larry: No, I didn't. Korzybski did. But because I'm atime-binder I was able to read and comprehend what he said. Bucky: Good for you, Larry, and good for your species! Time-bindinghas enabled your phylum phylum,in taxonomy: see classification. to make so many advances. You've producedthe Golden Gate Bridge Golden Gate Bridge,across the Golden Gate from San Francisco to Marin Co., W Calif.; built 1933–37. Its overall length is 9,266 ft (2,824 m); its main span across the strait, 4,200 ft (1,280 m), is one of the longest bridges in the world. Joseph B. , personal computers, and rocket ships to themoon. What have beavers done? We're still building your basicbeaver dam and beaver lodge. Larry: Buck up, Bucky. You're one of us now. Your ability touse human language has made you a fellow time-binder. I think you oughtto consider giving up your beaver identity. Bucky: I'm not so sure I want to do that. While I see theadvantages of time-binding in furthering human technology, I don'tsee similar gains being made in the area of human relations. Peoplefight a lot with each other, and with so many atomic weapons aroundthere's a good chance your species might wipe itself out. Larry: That's a good point. Korzybski also noticed thedisparity between the advances humans have made in technology and thelack of progress they have shown in getting along with each other. Tolessen that difference he came up with general semantics, a system thatinvolves the use of the scientific method to solve problems of everydayliving. It's a pity more people are not familiar with his work. Bucky: Maybe I can help to popularize pop��u��lar��ize?tr.v. pop��u��lar��ized, pop��u��lar��iz��ing, pop��u��lar��iz��es1. To make popular: A famous dancer popularized the new hairstyle.2. general semantics. I thinkI'll mention GS when I'm on Letterman tonight. I'll alsoput in a plug for GS when I appear on the Leno show next week. AndI'll drop a reference to general semantics on American Idol.I'm singing a number there from my new CD album, Leave It toBeaver Leave It To Beavertranquil life in suburbia (1957-1963). [TV: Terrace II, 18]See : Domesticity . Larry: My goodness, you certainly are an eager beaver to getgeneral semantics out to the public. Bucky: You're right, Larry, I am. I don't want the planetdestroyed because of human stupidity. I want human beings to cooperateand work on advancing civilization. Larry: That's a noble sentiment, Bucky. Is there anything elseyou want? Bucky: I'd like to put up condominiums in New York and Miami.I've had it with building beaver dams. There's just no futurein that line of work.

Budapest and New York: studies in metropolitan transformation: 1870-1930.

Budapest and New York: studies in metropolitan transformation: 1870-1930. New York New York, state, United StatesNew York,Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : Russell Sage Russell Sage (4 August 1816 - 22 July 1906) was a financier and politician from New York.Sage was born at Verona in Oneida County, New York. He received a public school education and worked as a farm hand until he was 15, when he became an errand boy in a grocery conducted Foundation, 1994. Pp. xiv, 400. This collection of fourteen essays is an exercise in doublecomparison. It illustrates five themes in the histories of New York andBudapest: the relationships between politics, ethnicity, class, andculture; spatial organization; "the culture of politics and thepolitics of culture" (p. 6); metropolitanism, cosmopolitansim andnationalism; and modernism and traditionalism. It also juxtaposes themethodological and conceptual approaches of Hungarian and Americanhistorians. In the realm of municipal politics, New York is portrayed as havingproceeded on an energetic and independent path, while Budapest, incontrast, was dominated by that of the national government and nationalissues. In David Hammack's view, New York enjoyed the position ofbeing the largest marketplace in the U.S., rather than being a politicalcapital. Because "governments at all levels in the United States United States,officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. were weak," New York was able "to wield great influence overthe rest of the country." (p. 56) Zsuzsa L. Nagy's Budapesthistory is dominated by the changes brought about by World War I and heconsiders it an achievement of Budapest civic leaders to have maintaineda European level city "while the demands of the period becamesterner and harsher in every aspect of life in Budapest." (p. 51)The theme of public space is addressed by Elizabeth Blackmar and RoyRozenzweig's nuanced and careful analysis of the "developmentand transformation of New York's best known `public park' andthe shifting meaning of that seemingly simple phrase." (p. 109)Gabor Gyni's analysis of Budapest's public spaces offersinsights into the contested nature of public space, but is not aparallel analysis to the New York essay. Gyni makes passing referencesto Varosliget as "the only urban park of the city that can becompared to well-known urban gardens elsewhere," (p. 89) but mostof the discussion centres on the politics of control on city streets andpromenades. The model of parallel analysis in the first two sections of thebook is not evident in the discussion of class and ethnicity. DeborahDash Moore Deborah Dash Moore is the Director of the Frankel Center for Judaic Studies, and a Frederick G.L. Huetwell Professor of History, both at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Early Life and EducationDeborah Dash Moore was born in New York City. examines New York city New York City:see New York, city. New York CityCity (pop., 2000: 8,008,278), southeastern New York, at the mouth of the Hudson River. The largest city in the U.S. neighborhoods using the tools ofethnicity and class and like others finds "on the streets ofManhattan the materials with which to build ...models of ethnicresidential patterns." (p. 139) While Moore relies on secondaryliterature, Istvan Teplan's post-modern analysis of the St. ImreGarden City is based on primary research. It argues that the best way touncover the "one-time spirit of a place" is to study thearchitectural objects left behind. (p 161) The final and longest two sections of the book focus on popular andhigh culture respectively. Robert Snyder's article suggests thatvaudeville vaudeville(vôd`vĭl), originally a light song, derived from the drinking and love songs formerly attributed to Olivier Basselin and called Vau, or Vaux, de Vire. served to foster "communication across lines ofethnicity, class, gender, and geography" (p. 185) Similarly, NeilHarris writes how New York newspapers "helped define theself-consciousness of New-Yorkers about their city, specifying a newmeaning for urbanity." (p. 248) As in many of the essays, the themethat emerges in the section on high culture portrays New York as placethat could inspire artists, whereas Budapest artists "wished toescape the urban milieu and ignore it as much as they could." (p.309) The essays on the literary arts in the final section struggle torestrict their focus to their respective cities. They find that theurban influences in the works of the authors they examine are not uniqueto New York or Budapest, but rather can be attributed to the times orurbanism in general. The collection of essays is unique primarily due to theintroductions and the afterword af��ter��word?n.See epilogue. written by its editors. Theirreflections on the differing historical approaches, the generationaldifferences between authors, and the relative progress made in wideninghistorical conversation bring clarity and coherence to the collection.The most serious omission is the absence of an analysis of the genderedqualities of the urban experience in the two cities. On the whole,however, this collection achieves what it sets out to do, while theeditors' task of situating the essays in a historical andconceptual context engages the reader creatively in exploring theshortcomings of comparative history. Hans P. Werner Department of History University of Manitoba LocationThe main Fort Garry campus is a complex on the Red River in south Winnipeg. It has an area of 2.74 square kilometres. More than 60 major buildings support the teaching and research programs of the university.

Buffet-style learning.

Buffet-style learning. Students delight in the array of activities they can enjoy in modulartechnology labs. When Medinah Middle School purchased two dozen high-tech modulesto revamp its family and consumer sciences program, teacher PhyllisLudwig was, at first, less than enthusiastic. She felt uncertain aboutthe transition from teaching in a room filled with kitchen equipment andsewing machines to one that features computers, TV/VCRs and interactiveCD players. Ludwig, who had been successful teaching the traditionalcurriculum, had a slew of questions when she met with CHEC CHEC Children's Health Environmental CoalitionCHEC Christian Home Educators of ColoradoCHEC Commonwealth Human Ecology Council (UK)CHEC Coffs Harbour Education Campus Systems, thecompany that was ready to reconfigure her classroom. Her major concernswere retaining a hands-on component and maintaining a certain contentlevel in the curriculum. "It was difficult for me to understand the hands-on projectsuntil I actually had the program up and running and was interacting withstudents," she says, "I was sold after the first month." The CHEC (Consumer and Home Economics Curriculum) program ischallenging, too, requiring students to learn independently rather thanmerely following the teacher's directions. At Medinah, sixth- and seventh-graders pair up to rotate throughCHEC's middle school curriculum, exploring a variety of careersthrough two-day modules. The program combines audio-aided instructionwith activities connected to specific careers. Ludwig supplements thecurriculum with guest speakers from the community and her own projects.For instance, while studying the dietitian dietitian/di��e��ti��tian/ (di?e-tish��in) one skilled in the use of diet in health and disease. di��e��ti��tianor di��e��ti��ciann.A person specializing in dietetics. module, the class prepares asmall meal in one of the kitchens she kept from the old lab. Interwoven in��ter��weave?v. in��ter��wove , in��ter��wo��ven , inter��weav��ing, inter��weavesv.tr.1. To weave together.2. To blend together; intermix.v.intr. strands Ludwig's students have been thrilled with the changes. Theyparticularly enjoy fabric design printing and weaving, where they makecolorful handkerchiefs and use a hand loom to weave a bookmark A stored location for quick retrieval at a later date. Web browsers provide bookmarks that contain the addresses (URLs) of favorite sites. Most electronic references, large text databases and help systems provide bookmarks that mark a location users want to revisit in the future. . Ludwigwas surprised at some of their reactions. "The boys loved doing themannequin's hair in cosmetology--braiding, combing and stylingit." Eighth-grade students use CHEC's high school curriculum,"Life Management," which uses a thematic approach to explorerelationships between people, families and work. It teaches students theart and science of balancing work and family with the aid of technology. The 17 high school modules, new this academic year, differ fromthe middle school program in subject matter, depth and content level.They also require more reading and writing. One six-day module,"Internet Simulation," helps students become Internet literatebefore they are connected. "For the first time, students can surfthe Net To browse the Internet. The most common Internet browsing today is done on the Web. Before the Web, the Internet was "surfed" via Archie, Gopher, WAIS and other search facilities. See surfing and how to access the Internet. without getting wet," says Greg Robinson Greg Robinson (b. in Los Angeles, California) is the current head coach of the Syracuse University football team. Robinson was awarded the job in January 2005 after the firing of coach Paul Pasqualoni, who had been Syracuse's head coach since 1991. , president and CEO (1) (Chief Executive Officer) The highest individual in command of an organization. Typically the president of the company, the CEO reports to the Chairman of the Board. of CHEC Systems. Other titles include "Getting the Fat Out,"in which students test themselves on a treadmill, and "FamilyPortraits," in which students must coax a crying baby to smile. Ludwig was initially worried about all the computers involved inthe CHEC labs. She had little experience, but "CHEC providedterrific training and support as I worked through all the modules andcomputer programs." She still needs help occasionally and delightsin the fact that her students can provide it. After one helped her workthrough the 3-D architectural program, she treated him to lunch. Ludwig advises other teachers to let go of their fear of giving upthe familiar for something new. "After 20 years as a teacher, thiskind of opportunity is phenomenal." Just as phenomenal are the opportunities for students to learntechnology by using it. At Knox Trail Junior High School in Spencer,Massachusetts Spencer is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 11,691 at the 2000 census.For geographic and demographic information on the census-designated place Spencer, please see the article Spencer (CDP), Massachusetts. , students are tracking the Pathfinder space probe to Mars.Their mission involves simulating the planet's surface with acorrugated cor��ru��gate?v. cor��ru��gat��ed, cor��ru��gat��ing, cor��ru��gatesv.tr.To shape into folds or parallel and alternating ridges and grooves.v.intr. piece of cardboard, designing a scale model of the probe andconnecting to the NASA NASA:see National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASAin full National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationIndependent U.S. Web site for the latest reports. Chris Taylor Chris Taylor or Christopher Taylor may refer to: Chris "The Glove" Taylor, American DJ, one of the pioneers on the West Coast Chris Taylor (comedian), comedian, best known from The Chaser's War on Everything, CNNNN and Triple J ,their teacher, creates projects like this that take advantage of acombination of technology modules, including transportation, solarenergy solar energy,any form of energy radiated by the sun, including light, radio waves, and X rays, although the term usually refers to the visible light of the sun. and computer-assisted design in this example. The "technogenic" student Paxton/Patterson, supplier of Knox Trail's technologymodules, has coined the term "technogenic" to define"behavior that demonstrates an aptitude for, literacy in and anability to use the tools of modern technology." Richard Shadrin,global director of learning systems, says the company's goal is tohelp teachers create the technogenic person. That concept forms theconnecting thread throughout the company's four levels of modularprograms. Creating a new, up-to-date technology program that would engagestudents was Taylor's goal, and he took advantage of fundingprovided with the opening of the new junior high school. After visitingvarious schools, he came up with a design and met Paxton/Patterson tosee if the company could accommodate his new program' The result? Students must be prodded to leave the3,700-square-foot lab, and Taylor believes his students are learningmore without even being aware of it. "It's a lot of work, butdon't tell them," he says. When he asks questions, studentsare sometimes surprised they know the answer. When the districtsuperintendent District Superintendent may be: District Superintendent (United Methodist Church) A rank in the London Metropolitan Police in use from 1869 to 1886, when it was renamed Chief Constable paid a visit, he hinted that any program would work wellwith only seven students. From his vantage point, that was all thesuperintendent could see; but Taylor pointed out that 19 students,undetectable behind work stations, were quietly absorbed in theirstudies. Students have favorite modules, and Taylor says, there is enoughvariety to satisfy everyone. He likens the new lab to a sandbox A restricted environment in which certain functions are prohibited. For example, deleting files and modifying system information such as Registry settings and other control panel functions may be prohibited. "where there are toys for everyone." While the ActionLABS were developed for sixth- througheighth-graders, CAREERplus targets grades nine and ten, offering a15-day career component in each module. TechnoCAREERS, a yearlong designand engineering program that emulates the way professionals work,teaches senior high school students to act, think and talk likeprofessionals. Authentic assessment Authentic assessment is an umbrella concept that refers to the measurement of "intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningful,"[1] as compared to multiple choice standardized tests. Short-answer tests fall short of truly evaluating students'progress, according to according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3. Shadrin. Assessment is integral to Paxton/Patterson's system. "It allows teachers to look at students inthree dimensions--technical, academic and universal," says,Shadrin. For the academic dimension, students must complete two writing,reading and math exercises correlated to each module. The universaldimension covers behaviors and habits of mind, such as originality ofideas, collaborative working and staying on time, on task and on budget. Evaluating his own performance, Taylor says, it took him asemester to adjust. "In the beginning, it was difficult because Inow had 10 groups of two Students doing 10 different things, whereas Iused to have one group of 20 students doing the same thing," says,Taylor Consequently, he had to field a much broader array of questions. His achievements and those of his students were recognized by boththe Massachusetts and New England New England,name applied to the region comprising six states of the NE United States—Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The region is thought to have been so named by Capt. Technology Education associations,which awarded him 1996 vocational teacher of the year and program of theyear. Trading places Dwayne Hughes sees his students' self-esteem rising as theyprogress through his technology lab at Stevens Middle School, an urbanschool near Seattle, Washington This page is protected from moves until disputes have been resolved on the .The reason for its protection is listed on the protection policy page. . He recalls parents who asked whether hethought their son, who had completed the computer assembly module, couldbe trusted to upgrade their computer's memory. Hughes advised themto let their son take the case off the computer and demonstrate hisknowledge. "The next day, that student's chest was puffed upseveral sizes with pride," he reports. His advice to other teachers contemplating the move to technologymodules is to reinvent re��in��vent?tr.v. re��in��vent��ed, re��in��vent��ing, re��in��vents1. To make over completely: "She reinvented Indian cooking to fit a Western kitchen and a Western larder"their role and become facilitators and coachesrather than holders of all the knowledge. Hughes does not mind tradingplaces and asks his students for help when he gets stumped on a problem."It's the coolest thing--the look on their faces and reactionto having taught the teacher something." When Hughes was hired to transform the former industrial arts industrial artsn. (used with a sing. verb)A subject of study aimed at developing the manual and technical skills required to work with tools and machinery.Noun 1. shopinto a technology lab, he selected Marcraft's technology modulesbecause of the ease with which he could expand on the curriculum. Afterstudents complete the eight-day modules, Hughes spends four days onadditional applications and activities. One popular module starts with constructing a window and paintingit. The window is placed within a room, then into a floor plan andfinally within a four-dimensional model of a house. Hughes follows thatmodule by asking students to bring in a picture of their house, draw iton the computer and create a floor plan and model of their home. Electronic music comes with a computer keyboard that simulates 128instruments. Students create a tune, add instrumentation and put itthrough a mixer, they learn to read music, since the computer capturesnotes on screen even when they are improvised im��pro��vise?v. im��pro��vised, im��pro��vis��ing, im��pro��vis��esv.tr.1. To invent, compose, or perform with little or no preparation.2. . The module alsodemonstrates the basics of playing various instruments. For example, ifguitar music is programmed, the monitor will show the correct placementof fingers on the strings. The flexibility of modular learning is ideal for Hughes'sstudents, many of whom are children of migrant workers. Because they aretransient, less than half of his students are able to complete therotation through all the modules. However, students can learn somethingeven if their class time is cut short because modules on robotics,flight, electronics, lasers or other technologies can stand alone. Kevin Smith, Marcraft's national sales and marketingdirector, describes his company's products as "educationallysound and readily updatable." It offers three curriculum levels fortechnology labs plus two new mastery-level courses that lead to industrycertification. In computer micro-processing, students can earn A+certification See CompTIA. , and in data communications data communications,application of telecommunications technology to the problem of transmitting data, especially to, from, or between computers. In popular usage, it is said that data communications make it possible for one computer to "talk" with another. they work toward CertifiedNetwork Administrator designation. The center of the school Another teacher who created his technology lab from the ground upis John Rose of Rockford, Michigan Rockford is a city in Kent County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 4,626. It is on the Rogue River and is only a few miles north of Grand Rapids. It is known to have the best High-School in western Michigan. . His department was charged withdeveloping a new technology education curriculum and designing the spacefor it in the new high school, which would essentially be built aroundthe lab. Rose knew what he wanted and worked closely with Tom Rose, arepresentative of Lab-Volt, which customized programs to fit theschool's needs. The department also wrote several modules incollaboration with the company and helped design the lab. In the new three-tiered curriculum, ninth-graders gain exposure todifferent technologies through 17 seven-day modules. At the intermediatelevel, "The World of Technology" modules are explored in moredepth during three semesters that cover communications, structuralengineering, manufacturing engineering Manufacturing engineeringEngineering activities involved in the creation and operation of the technical and economic processes that convert raw materials, energy, and purchased items into components for sale to other manufacturers or into end products for , automated systems, energy andtransportation and more. At the applied level--the top tier--students work in teams toidentify problems and solve them through a combination of technologies.Recently the team that designed and built a battery-powered car finishedthird in the Electrothon, an automotive-building competition sponsoredby a group of Michigan colleges. Current teams are working on afuel-efficient car with a gasoline engine gasoline engine:see internal-combustion engine. gasoline engineMost widely used form of internal-combustion engine, found in most automobiles and many other vehicles. . "Students enjoy it because they're responsible for theirown learning," says Rose, "and I've enjoyed never havingone day be the same as the next. These kids will probably change careersfive to seven times. Our course gives them a broad base of experiencenow to make sound career decisions later." Rose knows he's making a long-term difference when he hearsfrom former students who say they're six months ahead in theiruniversity engineering programs. Multimedia transformation Tech-Design by Lab-Volt helps ensure those results through itsdelivery system--TD-ROM (Tech-Design Resources on Multimedia). EricMaynard, Tech-Design product specialist, says the company offers morethan 40 modules on an interactive CD platform. That decision was basedon research that shows a combination of sights, sounds and simulatedexperiences improves learning. With multimedia such as hypertext,graphic animation Graphic animation is a variation of stop motion (and possibly more conceptually associated with traditional flat cel animation and paper drawing animation, but still technically qualifying as stop motion) consisting of the animation of photographs (in whole or in parts) and other and audio, students learn through the sensory modelsthey prefer. The shift from industrial arts to modular technology labs began inthe mid-'80s. "Industrial arts teachers were down anddistraught," says Harvey Dean, president of SynergisticSystems/Pitsco. "They needed a new paradigm New ParadigmIn the investing world, a totally new way of doing things that has a huge effect on business.Notes:The word "paradigm" is defined as a pattern or model, and it has been used in science to refer to a theoretical framework. ." In the teacher-centered shop environment, education was makingincremental Additional or increased growth, bulk, quantity, number, or value; enlarged.Incremental cost is additional or increased cost of an item or service apart from its actual cost. changes, but programs were still being phased out. Dean tooka leave of absence in 1988 to tour the country and witnessed middleschool reforms sweeping the nation. Observing the dramatic changes, herealized that incremental change in industrial arts would not be enough.The new middle school concept, which stressed smoothing transitions foradolescents, offered an opportune op��por��tune?adj.1. Suited or right for a particular purpose: an opportune place to make camp.2. Occurring at a fitting or advantageous time: an opportune arrival. time and appropriate way for the fieldto reinvent itself. In 1989 Dean's company designed the firsttechnology modules. "But you can't just sell parts and build a newparadigm," says Dean. "What was needed was a system thatencompassed curriculum, environment and a new way of managing that wouldfree the teacher to take on a new role." The company'sultimate goal was to create a learning system that would ensure asuccessful experience for young teens. After extensive field research, Synergistic Systems came up with aseven-day modular program steeped in visual how-to instruction forsoftware applications and hands-on activities. The advantage of avideo-based system, Dean says, is that it lets the student rewind re��wind?tr.v. re��wound , re��wind��ing, re��winds1. To wind again or anew.2. To reverse the winding of (recording tape or camera film).n.1. The act or process of rewinding. theteacher. Along with its original technology curriculum, the company nowoffers integrated family and consumer sciences and life sciencescurriculum. New titles for students to explore include "DynamicAutomation," "Digital Imaging," "AwesomeAnimal," "Totally Cellular" and "Life Code." Greg Smothers at Thomas Jefferson A Middle School in JeffersonCity, Missouri “Jefferson City” redirects here. For other uses, see Jefferson City (disambiguation).Jefferson City is the capital of the State of Missouri and the county seat of Cole County. , is a believer in Synergistic's system. "I wasfirst introduced to it at a workshop and got excited because theirapproach to learning and instruction lent itself so well to the middleschool." Students themselves are perhaps the best judges. "My courseis one of the most popular in the school--there's a waiting list toget in it," he claims. Students now exiting the program are radically different since theintroduction of the modules, Smothers notes. In addition to acquiringtechnology skills and knowledge, they show more responsibility andbecome adept in time management, record-keeping and other work and lifeskills. They learn to get along with many different types of people,too, because every seven days they rotate to another module and get anew partner. Smothers worried at first that gifted students might becomefrustrated if teamed with an average student, but he has been pleased tofind that the pairing works well. "If a student can explain aconcept to their partner, they really have mastered it, so it helps bothteam members," says Smothers. The brave new world Brave New WorldAldous Huxley’s grim picture of the future, where scientific and social developments have turned life into a tragic travesty. [Br. Lit.: Magill I, 79]See : DystopiaBrave New World of technology education offers equalopportunity. In the [Illegible il��leg��i��ble?adj.Not legible or decipherable.il��legi��bil ] days, shop programs were lucky to getone or two girls. But the new technology lab courses are attractinggirls in record numbers; Smothers's class is 30 to 50 percentfemale. In this traditionally male-dominated area, girls could easilyget pushed aside. Not so in the modular technology lab. The schedulingmanager program that is part of the Synergistic classroom managementsystems is gender blind, facilitating equal access. Smothers adds,"In the automotive module where they build and race model cars, thegirls usually win." A teacher returns for the fun of it So fascinating is this new way of teaching technology that oneassistant principal left his administrative post for the classroom. MikeScoggins was filling in as a substitute teacher one day when he saw howmuch fun students had learning in technology labs. He had been trainedin industrial arts and had taught it for many years. "I lovetechnology and computers and couldn't resist this chance to getback into teaching." Sixty percent of 1,250 students come from outside the district,which means they pay extra to attend the new Trion High School in Trion,Georgia Trion is a town in Chattooga County, Georgia, United States. The population was 1,993 at the 2000 census. The estimated pop. as of 2006 is 2,001. Trion is the second largest incorporation is Chattooga County, which has a population of approximately 27,000. , where Scoggins teaches. The school attracts students from twocounties because of its innovative programs, including technologyeducation. Scoggins's lab drew 1,000 impressed parents during arecent open house. In the animation module, students produce cartoons with sound,either inputting custom sounds or using the software's"canned" sound effects sound effectsNoun, plsounds artificially produced to make a play, esp. a radio play, more realisticsound effectsnpl → efectos mpl sonoros . For the holiday season, studentscreated their own toy story with snowmen and Christmas trees. Theweather module teaches weather patterns with a satellite dish satellite dishn.A dish antenna used to receive and transmit signals relayed by satellite.satellite dishA parabolic antenna used to receive signals relayed by satellite. from whichstudents pull files off the same satellite the Weather Channel uses. Scoggins manages his lab with "Media Cruiser," a toolthat facilitates on-line testing and scoring, records data and tracksstudents progress. Applied Technology, a division of Learning Labs,produces and distributes the curriculum used in Scoggins's schoolalong with the classroom management system. John Richardson The name John Richardson can refer to: John Richardson (football player)), Miami Dolphins Sir John Richardson (naturalist) (1787-1865), Arctic explorer and naturalist John Richardson (author) (1796–1852), Canadian novelist John Richardson (actor) (b. , vicepresident and general manager of Applied Technologies, says the LearningLabs give schools the ability to expose kids to technology and reinforcebasic skills through hands-on activities. "Students always wonder,`Why do I have to learn XYZ XYZ?interj. InformalUsed to indicate to someone that the zipper of his or her pants is open.[ex(amine) y(our) z(ipper).] ?'" says Richardson. But withmodular labs, "Kids actually experience `Why they need to learn,and they will retain the knowledge by seeing and experiencing concreteapplications as opposed to memorizing answers to a test."Alice Potosky is a freelance writer in Alexandria, Virginia Alexandria is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 128,284. Located along the Western bank of the Potomac River, Alexandria is approximately 6 miles (9.6 kilometers) south of downtown Washington, DC. .